At this time the Piast duke Konrad I of Masovia with the consent of Pope Innocent III had started the first of several unsuccessful Prussian Crusades into the adjacent Chełmno Land and Christian acted as a missionary among the Prussians east of the Vistula River.

The area became a focal point of conflict between Christianity and Islam between 1096 and 1291 and from the end of the Crusades until the British conquest in 1917 was part of the Syrian province of first the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt and then ( from 1517 ) the Ottoman Empire.

From 636 until the beginning of the Crusades, Palestine was ruled first by Medinah-based Rashidun Caliphs, then by the Damascus-based Umayyad Caliphate and after that the Baghdad-based Abbasid Caliphs.

) Emerging during the Crusades, it had its first impact in Europe in 1489, in Spain.

The breed was first brought to Europe in the 12th century, with troops returning from the Crusades in the Middle East, as living proof of the pilgrimage.

In this century the Turkish Seljuk dynasty comes to power in the Middle East over the now fragmented Abbasid realm, while the first of the Crusades were waged towards the close of the century.

* Baldwin, M. W. A History of the Crusades: the first hundred years, 1969.

After about 1070, the Fatimid hold on the Levant coast and parts of Syria was challenged first by Turkic invasions, then the Crusades, so that Fatimid territory shrank until it consisted only of Egypt.

The experiences of the first two Crusades had thrown into stark relief the vast cultural differences between the two Christian civilizations.

Massive violent attacks against Jews date back at least to the Crusades such as the Pogrom of 1096 in France and Germany ( the first " Christian " pogroms to be officially recorded ), as well as the massacres of Jews at London and York in 1189 – 1190.

These new " Miracle Crusades " were soon held at large stadiums and auditoriums across the United States and the world, the first nationally televised service being held in Flint, Michigan, in 1989.

Along with his brother and two colleagues he published in 1806 a Biographie moderne ou dictionnaire des hommes qui se sont fait un nom en Europe, depuis 1789, the earliest work of its kind ; and in 1811 appeared the first volume of his Histoire des croisades ( History of the Crusades ) and also the first volume of his Biographie universelle.

On the Crusades ’ conclusion, the first masnada ( bands of roving soldiers ) appeared in Italy.

There is also an increasing dose of Eastern adventure, drawing on contemporary experiences in the Crusades ; in addition, one series of chansons retells the events of the First Crusade and the first years of the Kingdom of Jerusalem.

The Museum of the Order of St John tells the story of the Venerable Order of Saint John from its roots as a pan-European Order of Hospitaller Knights founded in Jerusalem during the Crusades, to its present commitment of providing first aid and care in the community through the St John Ambulance Brigade and running an Ophthalmic Hospital in Jerusalem.

In 1070, it was conquered by the Normans and became part of the Principality of Taranto and the Duchy of Apulia, and was the first rule of the Counts of Conversano and then, after the baronial revolt of 1132, city-owned by the will of Roger II of Sicily, the city recovered some of the splendor of the past during the period of the Crusades, when it regained the Episcopal See, saw the construction of the new cathedral and a castle with an important new arsenal, became a privileged port for the Holy Land.

The religious zeal fomented by the Crusades at times burned as fiercely against Jews as against Muslims, although attempts were made by bishops during the first Crusade and by the papacy during the second Crusade to stop Jews from being attacked.

The Crusades, which were first preached in 1095, were an attempt by western Christians to regain control of the Holy Land from the Muslims, and succeeded long enough to establish some Christian states in the Near East.

Another important biographical dictionary was begun by ibn Khallikan and expanded by al-Safadi and one of the first significant autobiographies was Kitab al-I ' tibar which told of Usamah ibn Munqidh and his experiences in fighting in the Crusades.

This expedition was the first campaign organized by the papacy, namely Pope Alexander II, against a Muslim city, and the precursor of the later Crusades movement.

The epoch of the Crusades, of the rise of towns, and of the earliest bureaucratic states of the West, it saw the culmination of Romanesque art and the beginnings of Gothic ; the emergence of the vernacular literatures ; the revival of the Latin classics and of Latin poetry and Roman law ; the recovery of Greek science, with its Arabic additions, and of much of Greek philosophy ; and the origin of the first European universities.

The use of the crescent symbol on Muslim flags is first seen by Europe during the Crusades.

In the Crusades to conquer and Christianize Prussia at swordpoint, William of Modena found himself required to mediate between the rival claims and conflicting programs of Christian, the evangelizing first Bishop of Prussia, who, if he had been more successful, would have been sainted, as an " Apostle to the Prussians ," and the Knights of the Teutonic Order, to whom Christian and Duke Conrad of Masovia had pledged territorial properties.

The message of the crusade was preached in France by Robert of Courçon ; however, unlike other Crusades, not many French knights joined, as they were already fighting the Albigensian Crusade against the heretical Cathar sect in southern France.

The Spanish and Portuguese Reconquest, 1095 – 1492 in A History of the Crusades, vol.

England and the Crusades, 1095 – 1588

* the Council of Clermont, a council of the Roman Catholic Church ( 1095 AD ) that is said to have led to the Crusades

; 1095 – 1291: Christian Crusades begin, sparking warfare with Islam in Palestine.

The Crusades, beginning in 1095, also appear to have had an impact on domed architecture in Western Europe, particularly in the areas around the Mediterranean Sea.

* The Crusades ( a series of nine related episodes over a long period 1095 – 1291 )

* Santa Maria in Campagna, a Renaissance church, faces Piazzale delle Crociate (" Crusades Square "), so called because Pope Urban II summoned the First Crusade here in 1095.

From the eleventh to the thirteenth century, European soldiers led by professional officers fought against the Muslims in the Crusades ( 1095 – 1291 ).

## The Crusades: 1095 – 1291

In the September 7, 2002 issue of CounterPunch, columnist Alexander Cockburn authored an opinion column titled " The Tenth Crusade " in which he numbered the War on Terrorism to follow nine medieval Crusades between 1095 and 1272, omitting from his count the Alexandrian Crusade of 1365 and the Crusade of Nicopolis of 1396.

Palestine was its ancient Roman and Byzantine name and was also in use during the Crusades ( 1095 – 1291 ), the period of Ottoman rule ( 1517-1917 ) and the British Mandate ( 1918 – 1948 ).

While English participation in the First Crusade between 1095 – 99 was limited, England played a prominent part in the Second, Third and Fifth Crusades over the next two centuries, with many crusaders leaving for the Levant during the intervening years.

One of the greatest advancements in melee weapon technology was the Damascus steel forged by the Muslims during the Crusades against King Richard the Lionheart and other Christian kings ( 1095 – 1270 ).

His appeals to Western Europe for help against the Turks were also the catalyst that triggered the Crusades.

Conceived while Atkinson and Curtis were working on Not the Nine O ' Clock News, the series dealt comically with a number of medieval issues in Britain – witchcraft, Royal succession, European relations, the Crusades and the conflict between the Church and the Crown.

During the Crusades, Europeans were exposed to Saracen composite bows, made from layers of different material — often wood, horn and sinew — glued together and bound with animal tendon.

As powerful warriors serving the Muslim rulers of Damascus against the Crusades, the Druze were given the task of keeping watch over the crusaders in the seaport of Beirut, with the aim of preventing them from making any encroachments inland.

By the time of the Crusades ( 1096 – 1270 ), horseshoes were widespread and frequently mentioned in various written sources.

During the Crusades, both Muslims and Jews in Palestine were indiscriminately massacred or sold into slavery.

During the Middle Ages, Muslims were in conflict with Zoroastrians during the Islamic conquest of Persia ; Christians were in conflict with Muslims during the Byzantine-Arab Wars, Crusades, Reconquista and Ottoman wars in Europe ; Christians were in conflict with Muslims during the Crusades, Reconquista and Inquisition ; Shamans were in conflict with Buddhists, Taoists, Muslims and Christians during the Mongol invasions ; and Muslims were in conflict with Hindus and Sikhs during Muslim conquest in the Indian subcontinent.

Iberia in the seventh century, the Crusades which began in the eleventh century, then for centuries the Ottoman Empire, were all fields of war between Europe and Islam.

Templar knights, in their distinctive white mantles with a red cross, were among the most skilled fighting units of the Crusades.

Templars were often the advance force in key battles of the Crusades, as the heavily armoured knights on their warhorses would set out to charge at the enemy, in an attempt to break opposition lines.

Several of these siege techniques were used by the Romans but experienced a rebirth during the Crusades.

The Northern Crusades or Baltic Crusades were crusades undertaken by the Christian kings of Denmark and Sweden, the German Livonian and Teutonic military orders, and their allies against the pagan peoples of Northern Europe around the southern and eastern shores of the Baltic Sea.

Called the Knights Templar, they were to protect Christian pilgrims entering the Holy Land and to defend the conquests of the Crusades.

Although the Crusades were, in part, originally intended to support the Byzantine Empire at Constantinople from attack by Turkish invaders, the Fourth Crusade resulted in the sack of Constantinople by the Crusaders in 1204, which greatly upset Pope Innocent.