This oath was the climax of the Eighty Years ' War ( Dutch Revolt ).

During the Dutch Revolt, Eindhoven changed hands between the Dutch and the Spanish several times during which it was burned down by renegade Spanish soldiers, until finally in 1583 it was captured once more by Spanish troops and its city walls were demolished.

Although native to Ghent, he punished the city after the 1539 Revolt of Ghent and obliged the city's nobles to walk in front of the emperor barefoot with a noose ( Dutch: strop ) around the neck ; since this incident, the people of Ghent have been called " Stroppendragers " ( noose bearers ).

During the Dutch Revolt, trade came to a halt and even though Nijmegen became a part of the Republic of United Provinces in 1585, it remained a border town and had to endure multiple sieges.

Some of the counts were powerful magnates who also ruled many other territories, culminating in a period of rule by the House of Habsburg which was terminated by the Dutch Revolt.

The background of the Dutch Revolt is also necessary to understanding the events leading up to the Thirty Years ' War.

This last is characterised in Europe most notably by the Thirty Years ' War, the Great Turkish War, the end of the Dutch Revolt, the disintegration of the Polish – Lithuanian Commonwealth and the English Civil War.

* August 20 – The Treaty of Nonsuch is signed, committing England to support the Dutch Revolt, thus entering the Eighty Years ' War.

After the religious revolts of 1566 in the Netherlands, Artois briefly entered the Dutch Revolt in 1576, participating in the Pacification of Ghent until it formed the Union of Atrecht in 1579.

Before the Dutch Revolt, Antwerp had played an important role as a distribution center in northern Europe.

The castle would last less than 50 years before it was demolished in an uprising in the early stages of the Dutch Revolt.

A champion also of the international Protestant cause, he led the English campaign in support of the Dutch Revolt from 1585 – 1587.

Calvinism has been known at times for its simple, unadorned churches and lifestyles, as depicted in this painting by Emmanuel de Witte c. 1660Calvinism became the theological system of the majority in the Netherlands during the Dutch Revolt in the Eighty Years War.

When the northern Netherlands revolted against King Philip II of Spain in the Dutch Revolt, the three northern quarters of Gelderland joined the Union of Utrecht and became part of the United Provinces upon the 1581 Act of Abjuration, while only the Upper Quarter remained a part of the Spanish Netherlands.

Partly to provide a pretext for such hostilities against Spain, Elizabeth assisted the Dutch Revolt by signing in 1585 the Treaty of Nonsuch with the new Dutch state of the United Provinces.

The 1590 version by Cornelis van Haarlem also seems to reflect the violence of the Dutch Revolt.

Dordrecht around 1565, by Jacob van DeventerIn 1572, four years into the Dutch Revolt, representatives of all the cities of Holland, with the exception of Amsterdam, as well as the Watergeuzen, represented by William II de la Marck, gathered in Dordrecht to hold the Eerste Vrije Statenvergadering (" First Assembly of the Free States "), also known as the Unie van Dordrecht (" Union of Dordrecht ").

The situation improved for the rebels when Don Requesens died unexpectedly in March 1576, and a large group of Spanish soldiers, not having received their salary in months, mutinied in November of that year and unleashed the Spanish Fury on the city of Antwerp, a tremendous propaganda coup for the Dutch Revolt.

# REDIRECT Dutch Revolt

Some Huguenots fought in the Low Countries alongside the Dutch against Spain during the first years of the Dutch Revolt ( 1568 – 1609 ).

Dutch Calvinist settlers were also the first successful European colonizers of South Africa, beginning in the 17th century, who became known as Boers or Afrikaners.

Dutch clippers were built beginning in 1850s for the tea trade and passenger service to Java.

From the beginning the Emperor had refused to accept the will of Charles II, and he did not wait for England and the Dutch Republic to begin hostilities.

Her strategy, to support the Dutch on the surface with an English army, while beginning secret peace talks with Spain within days of Leicester's arrival in Holland, had necessarily to be at odds with Leicester's, who wanted and was expected by the Dutch to fight an active campaign.

The name ' de Klerk ' ( literally meaning " the clerk " in Dutch ) is derived from Le Clerc, Le Clercq, and de Clercq and is of French Huguenot origin, as are a great number of other Afrikaans surnames, reflecting the French Huguenot refugees who settled in the Cape beginning in the 17th century alongside the Dutch, after they escaped religious persecution in France.

* 1940 – World War II: After fierce fighting, the poorly trained and equipped Dutch troops surrender to Germany, marking the beginning of five years of occupation.

* 1908 – Budi Utomo organization is founded in Dutch East Indies, beginning the Indonesian National Awakening.

From the beginning of the 17th century the Dutch cannibalized the Portuguese Empire in the East and, with the immense wealth gained, challenged Spanish hegemony at sea.

Political scientists often define competition in Europe during the Modern Era as a balance of power struggle, which also induced various European states to pursue colonial empires, beginning with the Spanish and Portuguese, and later including the British, French, Dutch, and German.

It was in this context that the first Europeans arrived, beginning with Dutch explorers Willem Schouten and Jacob Le Maire.

The country witnessed battles of the Thirty Years ' War and general hostilities of the Eighty Years ' War ; Phillip II and III of Portugal and later the Dutch and English used forts built from the destroyed temples, including Fort Fredrick in Trincomalee, to fight sea battles with the Dutch, Danish, the French and English which saw the beginning of the loss of the sovereign Tamil nation-state on the island.

Dutch merchants in Copenhagen petitioned King Christian IV for permission to establish a West Indian trading company in 1622 but, by the time an eight-year monopoly on trade with the West Indies, Virginia, Brazil, and Guinea was granted on 25 January 1625, the failure of the Danish East India and Iceland Companies and the beginning of Danish involvement in the Thirty Years ' War dried up any interested capital.

To lay foundations for a new beginning, envoys of the States-General appeared in November 1660 with the Dutch Gift.

The Union of Utrecht is seen as the beginning of the Dutch Republic.

He said: " It was, I believe, around 1959 or at the beginning of the sixties that I began to think about what I was later to call structuralism ", ( cited in Plan 2 / 1982, Amsterdam ), a reference to the architectural movement known as Dutch Structuralism.

This was the beginning of Dutch consolidation over large parts of Taiwan, which brought an end to centuries of inter-village warfare.

The first significant period of Dutch architecture was during the Dutch Golden Age roughly beginning at the start of the 17th century.

Some historians see the war as the beginning of the end of Dutch trade dominance ; others consider the war to have been of little significance in this respect.

There was also an artistic gain: the beginning of secular landscape art, which became a major feature of Dutch Golden Age painting.

* 1568 – Dutch rebels led by Louis of Nassau, brother of William I of Orange, defeat Jean de Ligne, Duke of Aremberg and his loyalist troops in the Battle of Heiligerlee, opening the Eighty Years ' War.

These treaties ended the Thirty Years ' War ( 1618 – 1648 ) in the Holy Roman Empire, and the Eighty Years ' War ( 1568 – 1648 ) between Spain and the Dutch Republic, with Spain formally recognizing the independence of the Dutch Republic.

Anti-monarchism became more strident in the Dutch Republic during and after the Eighty Years ' War, which began in 1568.

** Jean de Ligne, Duke of Aremberg, stadtholder of the Dutch provinces of Friesland ( d. 1568 )

Conflicts between Philip II and his Dutch subjects led to the Eighty Years ' War, which started in 1568.

Between 1568 and 1648, during the course of what by its weary end had become the War of Dutch Independence, the surviving lands of Zuid-Beveland were frequently in the military theatre of operations.

The Dutch Revolt against the Spanish Empire had begun in 1568, and although England and France were both supporting the Dutch, they had officially remained neutral for fear of angering the Spanish.

Modernist republicanism openly influenced the foundation of republics during the Dutch Revolt ( 1568 – 1609 ), English Civil War ( 1642 – 1651 ), American Revolution ( 1775 – 1783 ), and the French Revolution ( 1789 – 1799 ).

The oldest national anthem is the " Wilhelmus ", the Dutch national anthem, written between 1568 and 1572 during the Dutch Revolt, which became the official Dutch national anthem in 1932.

For political events, see History of the Netherlands and Dutch Revolt ( 1568 – 1648 ).

Nowadays, a statue erected on the Petit Sablon / Kleine Zavel Square in Brussels commemorates the Counts of Egmont and Horn, in historical overview usually mentioned together as " Egmond en Hoorne " and hailed as the first leaders of the Dutch revolt, as the predecessors of William of Orange, who grew to importance and obtained the leadership after their execution, and who was assassinated in 1584 in Delft, having succeeded in liberating parts of The Netherlands in the early years of the Eighty Years ' War ( 1568 – 1648 ).

* Dutch Palace: Made in 1568 by the Portuguese.

* the length of the Eighty Years ' War or Dutch revolt ( 1568 – 1648 )

In the Eighty Years ' War ( 1568 – 1648 ) it was conquered by the Spaniards in 1581, but regained by the Dutch in 1592.

The Eighty Years ' War, or Dutch War of Independence, ( 1568 – 1648 ), began as a revolt of the Seventeen Provinces

The lyrics to Wilhelmus, the current Dutch national anthem and an apology of the Prince's actions composed around 1568, are ascribed to Marnix.

The end of the period is disputed: many scholars extend it to the death of Pieter Bruegel the Elder in 1569, or the start of the Dutch Revolt in 1566 or 1568, or to the start of the 17th century.