The EPR paper, written in 1935, has shown that this explanation is inadequate.

However, since Einstein's death, experiments analogous to the one described in the EPR paper have been carried out, starting in 1976 by French scientists Lamehi-Rachti and Mittig at the Saclay Nuclear Research Centre.

Though the EPR paper has often been taken as an exact expression of Einstein's views, it was primarily authored by Podolsky, based on discussions at the Institute for Advanced Study with Einstein and Rosen.

The EPR paper says: " We are thus forced to conclude that the quantum-mechanical description of physical reality given by wave functions is not complete.

The EPR paper used momentum for the observable.

In the EPR paper ( 1935 ) the authors realised that quantum mechanics was inconsistent with their assumptions, but Einstein nevertheless thought that quantum mechanics might simply be augmented by hidden variables ( i. e. variables which were, at that point, still obscure to him ), without any other change, to achieve an acceptable theory.

Prior to the publication of the EPR paper, a measurement was often visualized as a physical disturbance inflicted directly upon the measured system.

* The original EPR paper.

Research into quantum entanglement was initiated by a 1935 paper by Albert Einstein, Boris Podolsky, and Nathan Rosen describing the EPR paradox and several papers by Erwin Schrödinger shortly thereafter.

Following the EPR paper, Erwin Schrödinger wrote a letter ( in German ) to Einstein in which he used the word Verschränkung ( translated by himself as entanglement ) " to describe the correlations between two particles that interact and then separate, as in the EPR experiment ".

The EPR paper generated significant interest among physicists and inspired much discussion about the foundations of quantum mechanics ( perhaps most famously Bohm's interpretation of quantum mechanics ), but relatively little other published work.

* The EPR paper

In 1935, with two coworkers, he published a famous paper on a newly-created subject called later the EPR effect ( EPR paradox ).

After some decades, it was asserted that feasible experiments could prove the error of the EPR paper.

The current usage of realism and completeness originated in the 1935 paper in which Einstein and others proposed the EPR paradox.

In a well known 1935 paper, he and co-authors Boris Podolsky and Nathan Rosen ( collectively EPR ) demonstrated by a paradox that QM was incomplete.

Following the argument in the Einstein – Podolsky – Rosen ( EPR ) paradox paper ( but using the example of spin, as in David Bohm's version of the EPR argument ), Bell considered an experiment in which there are " a pair of spin one-half particles formed somehow in the singlet spin state and moving freely in opposite directions.

* Nathan Rosen, co-author with Albert Einstein and Boris Podolsky of physics paper about the EPR paradox in quantum mechanics

After the EPR paper, several scientists such as de Broglie took up interest in local hidden variables theories.

* Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen publish a paper arguing that quantum mechanics is not a complete physical theory ( the EPR paradox ).

Hence, followed Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen in 1935 in their famous " EPR paper ", there is something missing in the description of the qubit pair given above — namely this " agreement ", called more formally a hidden variable.

: The claim that EPR effects violate the principle that information cannot travel faster than the speed of light have been countered by noting that they cannot be used for signaling because neither observer can control, or predetermine, what he observes, and therefore cannot manipulate what the other observer measures.

In many-worlds, the subjective appearance of wavefunction collapse is explained by the mechanism of quantum decoherence, which resolves all of the correlation paradoxes of quantum theory, such as the EPR paradox and Schrödinger's cat, since every possible outcome of every event defines or exists in its own " history " or " world ".

However, quantum field theories that are " local " in this sense appear to violate the principle of locality as defined by EPR, but they nevertheless do not violate locality in a more general sense.

The one suggested by EPR is that quantum mechanics, despite its success in a wide variety of experimental scenarios, is actually an incomplete theory.

The EPR paradox has deepened our understanding of quantum mechanics by exposing the fundamentally non-classical characteristics of the measurement process.

Such explanations, which are still encountered in popular expositions of quantum mechanics, are debunked by the EPR paradox, which shows that a " measurement " can be performed on a particle without disturbing it directly, by performing a measurement on a distant entangled particle.

* D. Dieks, Communication by EPR devices, Physics Letters A, vol.

This was rejected by Einstein, who proposed the EPR paradox, but it was subsequently quantified by Bell's inequalities.

The above-mentioned EPR philosophical starting assumptions were considered to be falsified by empirical fact ( e. g. by the optical real experiments of Alain Aspect ).

* PEG, when labeled with a near-infrared fluorophore, has been used in preclinical work as a vascular agent, lymphatic agent, and general tumor-imaging agent by exploiting the Enhanced permeability and retention effect ( EPR ) of tumors.

# A measurable property of a physical system whose value can be predicted with certainty is actually an element of reality ( this was the terminology used by EPR ).

While it is easy to predict the number of lines a radical's EPR spectrum should show, the reverse problem, unraveling a complex multi-line EPR spectrum and assigning the various spacings to specific nuclei, is more difficult.

Kumar writes: " EPR argued that they had proved that ... B can have simultaneously exact values of position and momentum.

" EPR appeared to have contrived a means to establish the exact values of either the momentum or the position of B due to measurements made on particle A, without the slightest possibility of particle B being physically disturbed.

EPR tried to set up a paradox to question the range of true application of Quantum Mechanics: Quantum theory predicts that both values cannot be known for a particle, and yet the EPR thought experiment purports to show that they must all have determinate values.

Theoretical developments have gone hand in hand with developments in experimental methods, where the use of different forms of spectroscopy, such as infrared spectroscopy, microwave spectroscopy, EPR spectroscopy and NMR spectroscopy, is probably the most important 20th century development.

But explanations of the EPR experiments that are consistent with standard microscopic quantum mechanics require that macroscopic objects, such as cats and notebooks, do not always have unique classical descriptions.

* EPR paradox ( quantum mechanics ) ( forms of this have actually been performed )

The UCS in 2008 referred to the EPR as the only new reactor design under consideration in the United States that "... appears to have the potential to be significantly safer and more secure against attack than today's reactors.

EPR is based upon the principle that because producers ( usually brand owners ) have the greatest control over product design and marketing and these same companies have the greatest ability and responsibility to reduce toxicity and waste.

Lastly, what could Bohr have meant by the expression " uncontrollable interaction between the object and the measuring apparatus ", considering that the central point of the argument of EPR is the hypothesis that, if one accepts locality, only the part of the system in A can be disturbed by the process of measurement and that, notwithstanding this fact, this process provides precise information on the part of the system in B?

Market-based, legislation-mediated campaigns like Extended Producer Responsibility ( EPR ) and the Precautionary Principle are among numerous campaigns that have a Zero Waste slogan hung on them by means of claims they will ineluctably lead to policies of Zero Waste.

Since then, a variety of nitroxide spin labels have enjoyed widespread use for the study of macromolecular structure and dynamics because of their stability and simple EPR signal.

The Union of Concerned Scientists has referred to the EPR as the only new reactor design under consideration in the United States that "... appears to have the potential to be significantly safer and more secure against attack than today's reactors.

Much of the known data have been collected from flash experiments, EPR, and X-ray spectroscopy.

Because most stable molecules have all their electrons paired, the EPR technique is less widely used than NMR.

Radiation-sterilized foods have been examined with EPR spectroscopy, the aim being to develop methods to determine if a particular food sample has been irradiated and to what dose.

The third unit is the first European Pressurized Reactor ( EPR ) to have gone into construction, in 2005.

It is the first European Pressurized Reactor ( EPR ), which is a type of third generation PWR, to have gone into construction.

* Accidentally, same labels were given to different centers detected by EPR and optical techniques ( e. g., N3 EPR center and N3 optical center have no relation ).

In Nepal, the government ’ s Environmental Impact Assessment Guideline of 1993 inspired the enactment of the Environment Protection Act ( EPA ) of 1997 and the Environment Protection Rules ( EPR ) of 1997 ( EPA and EPR have been enforced since 24 and 26 June 1997 respectively in Nepal ) to internalizing the environmental assessment system.