*** The Erya is a dictionary explaining the meaning and interpretation of words in the context of the Confucian Canon.

3rd century BCE ) Erya dictionary defined xi 枲 " male Cannabis " and fu 莩 ( or ju 苴 ) " female Cannabis ".

The oldest extant dictionary in China is the Erya, dated to the 3rd century BCE, anonymously written but with later commentary by the historian Guo Pu ( 276 – 324 ).

The first known character dictionary was the 3rd century BC Erya 爾雅, collated and bibliographed by Liu Xiang 劉向 and his son Liu Xin 劉歆, lost the pre-Han script during the course of textual transmission.

Although not the first comprehensive Chinese character dictionary ( the Erya predates it ), it was still the first to analyze the structure of the characters and to give the rationale behind them ( sometimes also the etymology of the words represented by them ), as well as the first to use the principle of organization by sections with shared components, called radicals ( bùshǒu 部首, lit.

The first written reference to mice kept as pets occurs in the Erya, the oldest extant Chinese dictionary, from a mention in an 1100 BC version.

3rd century BCE ) Erya dictionary defines qiu 苬 ( interpreted as a miscopy of jun 菌 " mushroom ") as zhi 芝 " mushroom " and the commentary of Guo Pu ( 276 – 324 ) says, " The flowers three times in one year.

The Erya is the oldest surviving Chinese dictionary or Chinese encyclopedia known.

The Erya has been described as a dictionary, glossary, synonymicon, thesaurus, and encyclopaedia.

The Erya, a Chinese dictionary dated to the 3rd century BCE, records that an infusion of some kind of leaf was used as early as the Zhou Dynasty ( 1046 – 256 BCE ).

The first written reference to mice kept as pets occurs in the Erya, the oldest extant Chinese dictionary, from a mention in an 1100 B. C.

The best-known textual annotations include the Western Jin Dynasty Erya zhu ( 爾雅注 ; " Erya Commentary ") by Guo Pu ( 郭璞 ; 276-324 CE ), the Northern Song Dynasty Erya shu ( 爾雅疏 ; " Erya Subcommentary ") by Xing Bing ( 邢昺 ; 931-1010 ), the Song Dynasty Eryayi ( 爾雅翼 ; " Wings to the Erya ") by Luo Yuan ( 羅願 ; 1136 – 1184 ), and the Qing Dynasty Erya zhengyi ( 爾雅正義 ; " Correct Meanings of the Erya ") by Shao Jinhan ( 邵晋涵 ; 1743 – 1796 ) and Erya yishu ( 爾雅義疏 " Subcommentary on Meanings of the Erya ") by Hao Yixing ( 郝懿行 ; 1757 – 1825 ).

Pre-Shuowen Chinese dictionaries like the Erya and the Fangyan were limited lists of synonyms loosely organized by semantic categories, which made it difficult to look up characters.

* Shuowen online text version with Duàn Yùcái " 說文解字注 ", " 釋名 Shiming ", " 爾雅 Erya ", " 方言 Fangyan ", " 廣韻 Guangyun " définitions and glosses

Early dictionaries such as the Erya ( 3rd century BC ) indicated the pronunciation of a character by the method of dú ruò ( 讀若, " read as "), giving another character with the same pronunciation.

According to scripture Erya — chapter 17 Shiniao, Fenghuang is said to be made up of the beak of a rooster, the face of a swallow, the forehead of a fowl, the neck of a snake, the breast of a goose, the back of a tortoise, the hindquarters of a stag and the tail of a fish.

The glossary Erya ( c. 3d c. BCE ), comparable to the Indian Nighantu, is regarded as the first linguistic work in China.

The Xiao Erya and Kongzi jiayu state that length units were derived from the human body.

The Erya was considered the authoritative lexicographic guide to Chinese classic texts during the Han Dynasty, and it was officially categorised as one of the Thirteen Confucian Classics during the Song Dynasty.

Owing to its laconic lexicographical style, the Erya is the only Chinese classic that has not been fully translated into English.

Politicians like Erya Kategaya who was now in the FDC leadership were tentative in their approach.

The most convenient choice for the user would have been for the entire dictionary to be re-edited and retypeset, with each change included in its proper alphabetical place ; but this would have been the most expensive option, with perhaps 15 volumes required to be produced.

#" embarrass ," The Oxford English Dictionary, ( 1989 ) < http :// dictionary. oed. com > February 15, 2006.

The dictionary was finished ( 15 volumes, 1866 – 76 ; supplements 1878 and 1890 ), by Larousse's nephew Jules Hollier in 1876, after Larousse's death ( in Paris in 1875 ) from a stroke caused by exhaustion.

He has also written Amsal o Hekam (" Proverbs and Mottos ") in four volumes, a French-Persian Dictionary, and other books, but his lexicographic masterpiece is Loghat-naameh-ye Dehkhoda (" Dehkhoda Dictionary "), the largest Persian dictionary ever published, in 15 volumes.

The " dictionary " proved popular, and during his time in this post ( 1881 – 86 ) he included 88 installments, each of 15 – 20 new definitions.

( Encyclopedic dictionary of Yoga, by Georg Fuerstein, Paragon House Publ, NY, 1990, p. 15 ).

Although historians assert that its origins may span as far back as the Zhou Dynasty ( 1050 BC – 221 BC ), the earliest texts to describe the device are the Ji Jiu Pian ( 急就篇 ) dictionary of 40 BC, Yang Xiong's text known as the Fangyan of 15 BC, as well as the Xin Lun written by Huan Tan about 20 AD ( during the usurpation of Wang Mang ).

On 15 October 2001, Wolvengrey published what is regarded as the most extensive Cree – English dictionary to date.

* New Cree dictionary launched ( University of Regina press release, 15 October 2001 )

He wrote several books, including a Japanese grammar work entitled Arte da Lingoa de Iapam in 1604, and he is wrongly supposed to have been the main compiler of the Nippo Jisho or Vocabvlario da Lingoa de Iapam, the first Japanese to Portuguese dictionary published in 1603 He was born in Portugal ; when he was 15 years old he moved to Japan and enrolled in the Jesuit seminary.

Haruo Shirane ( 2003: 15 ) says: " This is the definitive dictionary of the Chinese characters and one of the great dictionaries of the world.

The International Union of Crystallography in its Crystallographic Information File dictionary defines " moiety " to represent discrete non-bonded components.

The dictionary defines " chemical formula moiety ": " Formula with each discrete bonded residue or ion shown as a separate moiety ".

The first occurrence in English of " ontology " as recorded by the OED ( Oxford English Dictionary, second edition, 1989 ) appears in Nathaniel Bailey's dictionary of 1721, which defines ontology as ' an Account of being in the Abstract ' - though, of course, such an entry indicates the term was already in use at the time.

The Jerusalem Talmud records that itrium, a kind of boiled dough, was common in Palestine from the 3rd to 5th centuries AD, A dictionary compiled by the 9th century Arab physician and lexicographer Isho bar Ali defines itriyya, the Arabic cognate, as string-like shapes made of semolina and dried before cooking.

The online version of the Merriam-Webster dictionary defines the term as used in a " usually disparaging " manner, to describe " an extreme or militant feminist ".

For example, the Chinese Hanyu Da Zidian dictionary defines 39 meanings for dào 道 " way ; path " and 6 for dǎo 道 ( 導 ) " guide ; lead ".

For a possible etymological connection, Schuessler notes the ancient Fangyan dictionary defines yu < * lokh 裕 and lu < * lu 猷 as Eastern Qi State dialectal words meaning dào < * lûʔ 道 " road ".

Carroll defines each of these categories, explaining how and why, in his opinion, his dictionary may be of interest, use, and benefit to each of them.

The 2007 Merriam-Webster dictionary defines a " hill " and a " mountain " this way:

" However, the New Oxford American Dictionary defines logistics as " the detailed coordination of a complex operation involving many people, facilities, or supplies " and the Oxford Dictionary online defines it as, " the detailed organization and implementation of a complex operation :" Another dictionary definition is " the time-related positioning of resources.

Webster's dictionary defines three slang terms related to Paddington: " Paddington Fair Day " which refers to a public hanging day at the Tyburn gallows ( Tyburn being part of Paddington Parish ); " Paddington Fair " which means a public execution ; and " To dance the Paddington frisk " which means " to be hanged ".

The dictionary Oxford defines it as " money granted by state, public body, etc., to keep down the prices of commodities, etc .”.

An idiom dictionary is a reference work that defines or explains idioms and idiomatic expressions in a language.

The dictionary definition of aesthetic perpetuates Baumgarten's error and defines it as " things perceptible by the senses as opposed to things thinkable or immaterial ", " pertaining to the sense of the beautiful or the science of aesthetics " Macquarie Dictionary, 1981., or " of, relating to, or dealing with aesthetics or the beautiful ".

A dictionary from that year defines a " casement " as " a bomb-proof shelter for soldiers in garrison ".

One dictionary defines a meeting as an act or process of coming together as an assembly for a common purpose.

The Merriam-Webster dictionary defines muscle cars as " any of a group of American-made 2-door sports coupes with powerful engines designed for high-performance driving.

A typical dictionary definition, in this case from the Macmillan Dictionary ( online version ), defines the term as " the protection or the safety of a country ’ s secrets and its citizens " emphasising the overall security of a nation and a nation state.

The Oxford English Dictionary defines the " gazetteer " as a " geographical index or dictionary ".

The Merriam-Webster online dictionary defines the term jet ski as being, " used for a small motorized usually recreational watercraft.

Big iron, as the hacker's dictionary the Jargon File defines it, " refers to large, expensive, ultra-fast computers.

The dictionary defines slackers as people who evade duties and responsibilities.

The dictionary defines it as " the temporary failure of an item of clothing to do its job in covering a part of the body that it would be advisable to keep covered ".