These settlements, which traded with the inhabitants of the interior, became rivals of the Etruscans and Phoenicians, who also visited the Côte d ' Azur.

Some scholars also see in Urartian art, architecture, language, and general culture traces of kinship to the Etruscans of the Italian peninsula.

The Romans, though certainly inheriting some of the art of road construction from the Etruscans, borrowed the knowledge of construction of viae munitae from the Carthaginians according to Isidore of Sevilla.

In this work, " Winckelmann's most significant and lasting achievement was to produce a thorough, comprehensive and lucid chronological account of all antique art — including that of the Egyptians and Etruscans.

The Etruscans were the first major civilization in this region ; large enough to lay down a transport infrastructure, implement agriculture and mining, and produce vivid art.

Aside from aigikampoi, the fish-tailed goats representing Capricorn or Aegeus (" goat-man ") other fish-tailed animals rarely appearing in Greek art but more characteristic of the Etruscans included leokampoi ( fish-tailed lions ), taurokampoi ( fish-tailed bulls ) or pardalokampoi ( fish-tailed leopards ).

Archaeology and art history indicate that headgear similar to the modern beret has been worn since the Bronze Age across northern Europe and as far south as ancient Crete and Italy, where it was worn by the Minoans, Romans and Etruscans.

The Etruscan terracotta warriors are three statues that resemble the work of the ancient Etruscans, but are in fact art forgeries.

Early La Tène style adapted ornamental motifs from foreign cultures into something distinctly new ; the complicated brew of influences including Scythian art and that of the Greeks and Etruscans among others.

The city was most probably founded and named by the Etruscans, for a parma ( circular shield ) was a Latin borrowing, as were many Roman terms for particular arms, and Parmeal, Parmni and Parmnial are names that appear in Etruscan inscriptions.

The origins of the Etruscans are lost in prehistory.

When Etruscan settlements turned up south of the border, it was presumed that the Etruscans spread there after the foundation of Rome, but the settlements are now known to have preceded Rome.

The Etruscans are believed to have spoken a non-Indo-European language ; the majority consensus is that Etruscan is related only to other members of what is called the Tyrsenian language family, which in itself is an isolate family, that is, unrelated directly to other known language groups.

Lucca was founded by the Etruscans ( there are traces of a pre-existing Ligurian settlement ) and became a Roman colony in 180 BC.

* The Etruscans are granted Roman citizenship.

The origins of the Etruscans are lost in prehistory.

The Etruscans are generally believed to have spoken a non-Indo-European language or an ancient Anatolic language ( Luvio ).

* Cheyne thinks that " Tarshish " of and " Tiras " of, are really two names of one nation derived from two different sources, and might indicate the Tyrsenians or Etruscans.

* Rome deals with renewed trouble from the Etruscans, who are persuaded by the Samnites to cease their alliance with the Romans.

The ancient people of Etruria are labelled Etruscans, and their complex culture was centered on numerous city-states that rose during the Villanovan period in the ninth century BC and were very powerful during the Orientalizing and Archaic periods.

The Etruscans are credited with influencing Rome's architecture and ritual practice ; it was under the Etruscan kings that important structures such as the Capitolium, Cloaca Maxima, and Via Sacra were realized.

* The second Samnite war formally ends with a peace agreement in which the Samnites obtain peace on terms that are severe but not as crushing as those agreed by the Romans with the Etruscans four years earlier.

Archaic cults to Ceres are well-evidenced among Rome's neighbours in the Regal period, including the ancient Latins, Oscans and Sabellians, less certainly among the Etruscans and Umbrians.

* The Etruscans are badly defeated by the Romans and abandon their attacks on the city and sue for peace.

Long after the assimilation of the Etruscans, Seneca the Younger said that the difference between the Romans and the Etruscans was thatWhereas we believe lightning to be released as a result of the collision of clouds, they believe that the clouds collide so as to release lightning: for as they attribute all to deity, they are led to believe not that things have a meaning insofar as they occur, but rather that they occur because they must have a meaning.

As in the preceding culture, the richly ornamented pottery is very characteristic, while many aspects such as the metal-working, burial customs and religion are strongly influenced by its neighbours, primarily the Etruscans and Celts.

The pepla are a specific class of Italian adventure or fantasy films that have subjects set in Biblical, medieval or classical antiquity, often with contrived plots based very loosely on mythology, legendary Greco-Roman history, or the other contemporary cultures of the time, such as the Egyptians, Assyrians, Etruscans, etc.

Among the Sea peoples identified in Egyptian records are the Ekwesh, a group of Bronze Age Greeks ( Achaeans ); Teresh, Tyrrhenians, ancestors of the Etruscans ; Luka, an Anatolian people of the Aegean ( their name survives in the region of Lycia ); Sherden, probably Sardinians ; Shekelesh, probably the Italic tribe called Siculi ; Peleset, generally believed to refer to the Philistines, who might have come from Crete and were with the Tekrur ( possibly Greek Teucrians ) the only major tribe of the Sea Peoples known to have settled permanently in the Levant.

* 508 BC: The office of pontifex maximus ( high priest ) created when these powers are stripped from the consuls ; possible second siege of Rome by Etruscans: Roman-Etruscan Wars

The circumstances of this are disputed ; a majority of scholars, at least in Italy, would ascribe Aegean Tyrrhenians to the Etruscan expansion from the 8th to 6th centuries, putting the homeland of the Etruscans in Italy and the Alps particularly because of their relation to the Alpine Raetic population.

In historical times, some ethnonyms are believed to correspond to Pre-Indo-European peoples, assumed to be the descendants of the earlier Old European cultures: the Pelasgians, Minoans, Leleges, Iberians, Etruscans and Basques.

The ancient Etruscans developed an eight-day market week known as the nundinal cycle around the 8th or 7th century BC.

The 4th century BCE demise of Attic vase painting tellingly coincides with the very period when the Etruscans, probably the main western export market, came under increasing pressure from South Italian Greeks and the Romans.

But, there is no evidence whatever of a Greek presence on the west coast and the Ionians at Aleria on the east coast had been expelled by the Etruscans long before Roman domination.

Towards the end of Hesiod's Theogony ( 1011f ), we find that Circe bore Odysseus three sons: Ardeas or Agrius ( otherwise unknown ); Latinus ; and Telegonus, who ruled over the Tyrsenoi, that is the Etruscans.

The Etruscan language was spoken and written by the Etruscan civilization, in what is present-day Italy, in the ancient region of Etruria ( modern Tuscany plus western Umbria and northern Latium ) and in parts of Lombardy, Veneto, and Emilia-Romagna ( where the Etruscans were displaced by Gauls ).

This family is reasoned to be a pre-Indo-European Mediterranean substratum of the 2nd millennium BC, sometimes referred to as Pre-Greek, and this is supported by confirmation from ancient Greek authors like Herodotus in Histories that the Etruscans were from Lydia ( SW Turkey ).

The Po river is first certainly identified in the Graeco-Roman historians and geographers of the late Roman Republic and the early Roman Empire, long after the valley had been occupied successively by prehistoric and historic peoples: Ligures, Etruscans, Celts, Veneti, Umbri, and Romans.

According to the Fasti Triumphales, Servius celebrated three triumphs over the Etruscans, including on 25 November 571 BC and 25 May 567 BC ( the date of the third triumph is not legible on the Fasti ).

In the immediate surroundings, it is supposed there was a temple in honour of Feronia, an Etruscan deity, goddess of the waters ; this would prove the presence of Etruscans in his area at the time of Nuragici people.

Rome was founded within or adjacent to Etruscan territory, and there is considerable evidence that early Rome was dominated by Etruscans until the Romans sacked Veii in 396 BC.

The prevalent view today is that Rome was founded by Italics and merged with Etruscans later.

The main criterion for deciding whether an object originated at Rome and traveled by influence to the Etruscans, or descended to the Romans from the Etruscans, is date.

It is also possible that Greek and Roman attitudes to the Etruscans were based on a misunderstanding of the place of women within their society.

It is true that the Etruscans preferred to build hill towns on high precipices enhanced by walls.

Some have speculated that " ravenna " is related to " Rasenna " ( later " Rasna "), the term that the Etruscans used for themselves, but there is no agreement on this point.

The first settlement is variously attributed to ( and then has seen the co presence of ) the Thessalians, the Etruscans and the Umbrians, afterwards its territory was settled also by the Senones, especially the southern countryside of the city ( that wasn't part of the lagoon ), the Ager Decimanus.

It is possible that the Etruscans paid particular attention to Menrva ( Minerva ) as a goddess of destiny, in addition to the royal couple Uni ( Juno ) and Tinia ( Jupiter ).

The word is from Old French tribu, in turn from Latin tribus, referring to the original tripartite ethnic division of the Roman state: Ramnes ( Ramnenses ), Tities ( Titienses ), and Luceres, corresponding, according to Varro, to the Latins, Sabines, and Etruscans respectively.