Europeans did not know about the numerals ' origins in ancient India, so they named them " Arabic numerals ".

Drawn from life by the historian Matthew Paris for his Chronica Majora, it can be seen in his bestiary at Parker Library of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, with an accompanying text revealing that at the time, Europeans believed that elephants did not have knees and so were unable to get up if they fell over.

Eighty-seven per cent of Europeans considered climate change to be a very serious or serious problem, while ten per cent did not consider it a serious problem.

European military conflict did not cease, but had less disruptive effects on the lives of Europeans.

Lake Erie was the last of the Great Lakes to be explored by Europeans, since the Iroquois who occupied the Niagara River area were in conflict with the French, and they did not allow explorers or traders to pass through.

As Arab contact with the West expanded, so too did the game and its various permutations, and by the twelfth century, chess was becoming an entertaining diversion among a growing population of Europeans, including some scholars, clergy, the aristocracy, and the merchant classes ; thus, by the thirteenth century, the iconography and symbolism associated with chess would have been accessible and familiar to Alfonso and his literate court culture, who may have had access to the private library, and manuscripts, of Alfonso, including the Libro de juegos.

Marco Polo (; ; September 15, 1254 – January 9, 1324 ) was a Venetian merchant traveler whose travels are recorded in Il Milione, a book which did much to introduce Europeans to Central Asia and China.

However, rather than making incisions in the bark as the indigenous inhabits did, the Europeans opted to use the less destructive method of drilling tapholes in the trunks with augers.

Prior to the arrival of the Europeans, the Mesoamerican diet did not include dairy products, so cheese making was unknown.

In the east, where the Europeans did not settle, most indigenous groups survived.

Contact with Europeans began in the early 18th century but did not intensify until the arrival of the British.

" The established arrangement between Europeans and the Koya Temne did not include provisions for permanent settlement, and some historians question how well the Koya leaders understood the agreement.

Europeans did not return until 1768, when Louis Antoine de Bougainville rediscovered the islands.

Generally, Europeans did not drink cappuccino with meals other than breakfast, preferring espresso throughout the day and following dinner.

Many local rulers in small, isolated communities did not understand or, more often, were misled by the Europeans about the significance of treaties that compromised their authority.

The Europeans did, however, bring devastating diseases affecting both people and animals.

The Europeans never did catch on and were frequently viewed by the natives as welchers on the implied pledge of alliance they'd entered into by accepting the gifts.

After observing that Europeans were just as eager to trade with their enemies as themselves, the natives did eventually get the picture ; but especially in New France, in Carolina, Virginia, and New England and in New Netherlands the Europeans became drawn into the endemic warfare of their trading partners.

" The established arrangement between Europeans and the Koya Temne did not include provisions for permanent settlement, and some historians question how well the Koya leaders understood the agreement.

Still others suggest that the two groups are related but not identical, and that differences between them were exacerbated by Europeans, or by a gradual, natural split, as those who owned cattle became known as Tutsi and those who did not became Hutu.

The Americans did not share the Europeans ' and Russians ' historical fears over German expansionism, but wished to ensure that Germany would stay within NATO.

Europeans were unable to make soy sauce because they did not understand the function of Aspergillus oryzae, the fungus used in its brewing.

In the course of his examinations of the visual acuity of the natives, Rivers showed that colour-blindness did not exist or was very rare, but that the colour vision of Papuans was not the same type as that of Europeans ; they possessed no word for blue, and an intelligent native found nothing unnatural in applying the same name to the brilliant blue sea or sky and to the deepest black.

Many scholars consider modern anthropology as an outgrowth of the Age of Enlightenment, a period when Europeans attempted to study human behavior systematically, the known varieties of which had been increasing since the fifteenth century as a result of the first European colonization wave.

For example, what Jews from Eastern Europe and from North Africa consider " Jewish food " has more in common with the cuisines of non-Jewish Eastern Europeans and North Africans than with each other, although for religious Jews all food-preparation must conform to the same laws of Kashrut.

To be sure, Rousseau praises the newly discovered " savage " tribes ( whom Rousseau does not consider in a " state of nature "), as living a life that is simpler and more egalitarian than that of the Europeans ; and he sometimes praises this " third stage " it in terms that could be confused with the romantic primitivism fashionable in his times.

So [...] you have to consider the possibility that as remote as it may seem, these finds may represent evidence of contact with Europeans prior to the Vikings ' arrival in Greenland ".

Either the tradition dates back to when the Inuit first made contact with Europeans ( which they consider highly unlikely ), or, more likely, it is the adaptation of an already existing tradition, modified to account for the coming of the Europeans.

Whilst Europeans consider these cultural ancestors to be mythical, many Aboriginal people believe in their present and future literal existence.

But the continental Europeans have an on-going project of getting rid of all conversions and measurements which they consider non-standard.

Europeans and European Americans used to refer to Shuar as jívaros or jíbaros ; this word probably derives from the 16th century Spanish spelling of " shuar " ( see Gnerre 1973 ), but has taken other meanings including " savage " ( and Shuar consider it an insult ); outside of Ecuador, Jibaro has come to mean " rustic ".

So [...] you have to consider the possibility that as remote as it may seem, these finds may represent evidence of contact with Europeans prior to the Vikings ' arrival in Greenland.

He expressed his views on the subject very clearly: " The Europeans always confuse things, when they consider the fact that the Afghans call themselves Bani Israel and yet reject their Jewish descent.

With the arrival of the Europeans the Spaniards brought the horses, mules and donkey ( which developed into the Paso Fino ) used by them in ranching duties later in the Spanish colonization of the Americas.

In a post-colonial reading, the Nigerian writer Chinua Achebe, author of Things Fall Apart, famously criticized Heart of Darkness in his 1975 lecture An Image of Africa: Racism in Conrad's " Heart of Darkness ", saying the novella de-humanized Africans, denied them language and culture and reduced them to a metaphorical extension of the dark and dangerous jungle into which the Europeans venture.

In 1701, the Ashante conquered Denkyira, giving them access to the coastal trade with Europeans, especially the Dutch.

In the 13th and 14th centuries, a number of Europeans, many of them Christian missionaries, had sought to penetrate China.

He sends men ashore in a longboat, making them the first Europeans to visit Alaska.

Some Native Americans captured Europeans and used them as both labourers and bargaining chips ; see for example John R. Jewitt, an Englishman who wrote a memoir about his years as a captive of the Nootka people on the Pacific Northwest Coast from 1802 – 1805.

Local Afro-Portuguese often acted as middlemen, the Europeans advancing them goods and they trading them to the local people, most often for ivory.

In the 1870s, a further 100, 000 Europeans arrived, so that by 1879 about 438, 000 people were living in Uruguay, a quarter of them in Montevideo.

This bee provided Mexico with a 300-year-long monopoly on vanilla production, from the time it was first discovered by Europeans and the French first transplanted the vines to their overseas colonies, until a substitute was found for them.

He sends some men aboard in a longboat, making them the first Europeans to visit Alaska.

These Europeans would return to Europe the following year, carrying the plague with them.

That is, although Fairchild assembles hundreds of quotations from ethnographers, philosophers, novelists, poets, and playwrights from the 17th century to the 19th century, showing a rich variety of ways in which writers romanticized and idealized those who Europeans considered " savages ", almost none of them explicitly refer to something called the " Noble Savage ".

When Europeans saw them, however, they became a major source of inspiration for Impressionist, Cubist, and Post-Impressionist artists, such as Vincent van Gogh, James Abbott McNeill Whistler, Claude Monet, Edgar Degas, Mary Cassatt, Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec and others.

Pope Benedict XVI, Marcello Pera and others have argued that after about 1960, Europeans massively abandoned many traditional norms rooted in Christianity and replaced them with continuously evolving relative moral rules.

It was not until the 19th century, when European powers sought to carve up the African continent between them in the so called " Scramble for Africa ", that Europeans – Germany and Great Britain in the forefront – became interested in Namibia.

Recent surveys have found that as many as 18 % of Americans and 14 % of Europeans may be affected by one or more of them.

Since the Manchus ' rise to prominence in 1644, the name " Tartars " became applied to them as well, and Manchuria ( and Mongolia ) became known to the Europeans as the " Chinese Tartary ".

Twelve of the Europeans were shot dead or clubbed to death after surrendering to Māori who were pursuing them.

Most Europeans are Britons and most of them stepped out after independence.

Christopher Columbus was one of the first Europeans to encounter them ( in the Caribbean ), and called them " peppers " because they, like black and white pepper of the Piper genus known in Europe, have a spicy hot taste unlike other foodstuffs.