Moscow was permitted to replace this Exarchate, and a diocese in Canada, with a non-diocesan patriarchal vicariate in each country, the United States and Canada, when it and the Metropolia were reconciled, and Moscow recognized the Metropolia's autocephaly, in 1970.

The Bulgarian Exarchate ( Bâlgarska ekzarkhia ) was the official name of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church before its autocephaly was recognized by the Ecumenical See in 1945 and the Bulgarian Patriarchate was restored in 1953.

The firman envisaged a broad autonomy of the Exarchate but would leave it under the supreme canonical authority of the Ecumenical See, i. e. not a full autocephaly.

The authority of the Pope was now recognized throughout the papal territory, which then comprised the Exarchate of Ravenna, the March of Ancona, the Duchy of Spoleto, the County of Bertinoro, the Mathildian lands, and the Pentapolis, i. e., the cities of Rimini, Pesaro, Fano, Senigallia, and Ancona.

By the middle of 739, Liutprand was encroaching once again on the Exarchate, and threatening Rome.

Even worse news was to follow ; learning that Charles Martel was sick, Liutprand once again returned to attacking the Exarchate in 740, forcing Gregory yet again to appeal to the Franks, who again refused to become involved.

It was then part of the Byzantine Exarchate of Ravenna ( changing name to Chrysopolis, " Golden City ", probably due to the presence of the imperial treasury ) and, from 569, of the Lombard Kingdom of Italy.

When King Aistulf of the Lombards availed himself of the Italian dissent and invaded the Exarchate of Ravenna in 751, one of his first acts was to institute a crushing poll tax of one gold solidus per head on every Roman citizen.

The Roman / Byzantine territory was organized as the Exarchate of Ravenna, administered from that ancient port and overseen by a viceroy ( the Exarch ) appointed by the Emperor in Constantinople, but Ravenna and Venice were connected only by sea routes and with the Venetian's isolated position came increasing autonomy.

Following the conquests of Belisarius for the Emperor Justinian I in the 6th century, Ravenna became the seat of the Byzantine governor of Italy, the Exarch, and was known as the Exarchate of Ravenna.

In 1870, a Bulgarian Exarchate was created by a Sultan edict and the first Bulgarian Exarch, Antim I, became the natural leader of the emerging nation.

Justinian's Corpus Juris Civilis was distributed in the West but was lost sight of ; it was scarcely needed in the comparatively primitive conditions that followed the loss of the Exarchate of Ravenna by the Byzantine empire in the 8th century.

It was one of the cities of the Pentapolis of the Roman Exarchate of Ravenna in the Seventh and Eighth Centuries.

The title of Giudice ( judge ) was an heir of that of the Byzantine governor after the creation of the Exarchate of Africa in 582 ( Prases or Judex Provinciae ).

When the Exarchate of Ravenna finally fell to the Lombards in 751, the Duchy of Rome was completely cut off from the Byzantine Empire, of which it was theoretically still a part.

The church was abolished once, during the period of Ottoman rule ( 1396 — 1878 ), in 1873 it was revived as Bulgarian Exarchate and soon after raised again to Bulgarian Patriarchate.

Cesena was on the border that the Exarchate of Ravenna shared with the Lombards.

The exarchate's seat was at Ravenna, whence it is known as the " Exarchate of Ravenna ".

The capital of the Exarchate of Africa was Carthage.

It was re-established first in 1870 in the form of the Bulgarian Exarchate, and then in the 1950s as the Bulgarian Patriarchate.

Following the end of the Exarchate of Ravenna, it fell into disuse during the Lombard period, but was partially reconstructed in the Renaissance era and continued to be of military importance down to the Napoleonic era and World War II.

The Exarchate came to an end, and Byzantine Italy was confined to Sicily and the southern, Greek-speaking regions.

After the Gothic War, it was part of the Byzantine Exarchate of Ravenna ( Ancona, Fano, Pesaro, Rimini, and Senigallia forming the so-called Pentapolis ).

The original Exarchate extended over present-day northern Bulgaria ( Moesia ), Thrace without the Vilayet of Adrianople, as well as over north-eastern Macedonia.

On 24 April 2006, and without first consulting his diocese or clergy, Bishop Basil of Sergievo wrote to the Patriarch of Moscow requesting that he and the Diocese of Sourozh as a whole ( and not simply those elements who wished to go with him ) be released from the jurisdiction of the Moscow Patriarchate to be received into the jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarch, to exist alongside Constantinople's Patriarchal Exarchate for Orthodox Parishes of Russian Tradition in Western Europe, based in Rue Daru in Paris.

Initially the conflict was waged through educational and religious propaganda, with a fierce rivalry developing between supporters of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople, who generally identified as Greek, and supporters of the Bulgarian Exarchate, which had been established by the Ottomans in 1870.

* Official site of the Episcopal Vicariate of Great Britain and Ireland of the Exarchate of Parishes of Russian Tradition in Western Europe of the Ecumenical Patriarchate

The subsequent Council in Constantinople, chaired by Ecumenical Patriarch Anthimus VI, in September 1872, wherein the Patriarchs of Alexandria, Antioch and Jerusalem ( the latter declined to sign the Council's decisions ) also participated, declared on September 18 ( September 30 ) the Bulgarian Exarchate schismatic and declared its adherents excommunicated.

The demographic composition of the area the 19th and early 20th centuries is unclear as many factors contributed to the ethnic orientation of the people ; out of these religion was particularly important thus giving rise to a proselytism struggle between the Greek Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople and the Bulgarian Exarchate ( established in 1870 ).

In 1886, 78. 4 % of the Christian population of the Florina kaza ( district )-a part of the Monastir vilayet ( province )-was aligned with the Ecumenical Patriarchate and 21. 6 % with the Bulgarian Exarchate, however by 1900 the Patriarchatists had dropped to 50. 9 % and Exarchatists had risen to 49. 1 %.

In Maastricht, the Orthodox Church belonging to the Russian Exarchate of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople ( http :// destem-maastricht. nl /), is dedicated to the Saints Servatius and John Chrysostom.

His jurisdiction, now known as the Patriarchal Exarchate of Orthodox Parishes of Russian Tradition in Western Europe, continues under the Ecumenical Patriarchate.

The Constantinople Patriarch reacted by excommunicating the Bulgarian Exarchate, which reinforced their will for independence.

In 753, the Lombards under their king Aistulf ( also known as Astolfo ) had conquered the Exarchate of Ravenna, the main seat of Byzantine government in Italy, whose Patriarch held territorial power as the representative of the Eastern Roman Emperor, independent of the Pope of Rome.

The Ottoman government restored the Bulgarian Patriarchate under the name of " Bulgarian Exarchate " by a decree ( firman ) of the Sultan promulgated on February 28, 1870.

In seeking to calm down the disturbances, the Ottoman government of Abdülaziz granted the right to establish an autonomous Bulgarian Exarchate for the dioceses of Bulgaria as well as those, wherein at least two thirds of Orthodox Christians were willing to join it, by issuing the Sultan's firman promulgated on.

The pope, whose expectations had been aroused, had to content himself with some additions to the Duchy of Rome, the Exarchate of Ravenna, and the Pentapolis in the Marches, which consisted of the " five cities " on the Adriatic coast from Rimini to Ancona with the coastal plain as far as the mountains.

The Lombards to the north of Rome had captured Ravenna, capital of the Eastern Roman Empire Exarchate of Ravenna, in 751, and began to put pressure on the city of Rome.

The return of the Lombard king Liutprand in 737 saw a renewal of the Lombard assault on the Exarchate of Ravenna.

Gregory then actively encouraged the rebellion of Thrasimund II of Spoleto, forcing Liutprand to temporarily abandon his attacks on the Exarchate, and turn his attention towards Spoleto, which Liutprand annexed.

With the creation of the Exarchate of Africa in 590, Maurice further solidified the empire's hold on the western Mediterranean.

Although the hard-fought Veneto region formally belonged to the Byzantine Exarchate of Ravenna since the end of the Gothic War, it remained unsafe on account of frequent Germanic invasions and wars: During the following 200 years the Lombards and the Franks fuelled a permanent influx of sophisticated urban refugees to the island ’ s relative safety, including the Bishop of Altino himself.

All this territory lies on the eastern flank of the Apennines ; this was under the exarch's direct administration and formed the Exarchate in the strictest sense.

So the Exarchate disappeared, and the small remnants of the imperial possessions on the mainland, Naples and Calabria, passed under the authority of the Catapan of Italy, and when Sicily was conquered by the Arabs in the 9th century the remnants were erected into the themes of Calabria and Langobardia.

After the establishment of the Bulgarian Exarchate on February 28, 1870 a large-scale armed struggle movement started to develop as late as the beginning of the 1870s with the establishment of the Internal Revolutionary Organisation and the Bulgarian Revolutionary Central Committee, as well as the active involvement of Vasil Levski in both organisations.

This decision was made in response to a request on September 23 by Archbishop Gabriel of Comana to grant letters of release to the priests and deacons who had followed Bishop Basil into the Exarchate of Russian Orthodox Parishes in Western Europe.

The first ( after Ilarion Lovchansky had to resign before being confirmed by the government ) Bulgarian Exarch was Antim I who was elected by the Holy Synod of the Exarchate on.

The Exarchate of Africa or of Carthage, after its capital, was the name of an administrative division of the Eastern Roman Empire encompassing its possessions on the Western Mediterranean, ruled by an exarch, or viceroy.

The repeated confrontations took their toll on the dwindling and ever-divided resources of the Exarchate.

A battle fought between the Lombards and troops of the Exarchate on the banks of the Panaro ended in defeat for the Byzantines, with several thousand soldiers killed.