As a result of his harsh anti-Federalist attacks, many Federalists refused to do business with him.

When the affair became public, Federalists accused him of supporting the French while Republicans such as Thomas Jefferson supported him.

Disowned by the Federalists and not fully accepted by the Republicans, Adams used his Boylston Professorship of Rhetoric and Oratory at Harvard as a new base.

All across the United States, voters divided for and against the Treaty and other key issues, and thus became either Federalists or Jeffersonian Republicans.

The supporters of Alexander Hamilton's attempts to strengthen the national government called themselves Federalists, while those who opposed Hamilton called themselves " Republicans " ( later historians would refer to them as the Democratic-Republican party ).

An indeterminate number of anti-Virginia Republicans, led by the New York delegation, objected to the caucus system along with the Federalists.

He brought with him other former Republicans and practically all of Muñoz-Rivera's Federalists into a party that was to bring about the union of all political groups.

Republicans were deeply committed to the principles of republicanism, which they feared were threatened by the supposed monarchical tendencies of the Hamiltonians / Federalists.

By 1792-94 newspapers started calling Hamilton supporters " Federalists " and their opponents " Democrats ", " Republicans ", " Jeffersonians " ( people who supported Thomas Jefferson, the 3rd president ), or " Democratic-Republicans ".

It was a long, bitter re-match of the 1796 election between the pro-French and pro-decentralization Republicans under Jefferson and Aaron Burr, against incumbent Adams and Charles Pinckney's pro-British and pro-centralization Federalists.

While the Republicans were well organized at the state and local levels, the Federalists were disorganized, and suffered a bitter split between their two major leaders, President Adams and Alexander Hamilton.

Federalists spread rumors that the Republicans were radicals who would ruin the country ( based on the Republican support for the French Revolution ).

Meanwhile, the Republicans accused Federalists of destroying republican values, not to mention political support from immigrants, with the Alien and Sedition Acts, some of which were later declared unconstitutional after their expiration by the Supreme Court ; they also accused Federalists of favoring Britain in order to promote aristocratic, anti-republican values.

Adams was attacked by both the opposition Republicans and a group of so called " High Federalists " aligned with Alexander Hamilton.

This may have had some unintended consequences in Massachusetts, where the makeup of the delegation to the House of Representatives changed from 12 Federalists and 2 Republicans to 8 Federalists and 6 Republicans, perhaps the result of backlash on the part of the electorate.

Although the election of 1800 had given majority control of the House of Representatives to the Republicans by 103 seats to 39, the presidential election would be decided by the outgoing House, which had been elected in the Federalist landslide of 1798 and was controlled by the Federalists, 60 seats to 46.

In 1789, Livingston joined the Jeffersonian Republicans ( later known as the Democratic-Republicans ), in opposition to his former colleagues John Jay and Alexander Hamilton who founded the Federalists.

Federalists were rare among Kentuckians during the period of the First Party System, and Democratic Republicans won every gubernatorial election in the state until 1828.

The Whig Party emerged in 1833 – 34 after Clay's defeat as a coalition of National Republicans, along with Anti-Masons, disaffected Jacksonians, and people whose last political activity was with the Federalists a decade before.

After refusing to do so for some time, Adams finally released the report of the affair, resulting in a wave of passionate anti-French sentiment across the U. S. This seriously damaged the Republicans and helped the Federalists win the 1798 elections.

The electoral " Revolution of 1800 ", which shifted control of Congress and the presidency from the Adams Federalists to the Jeffersonian Republicans, gave Otis reason to begin checking his retirement options.

Burr's trial had proved to be a partisan issue, dividing the Federalists and the Jeffersonian Republicans.

The Federalists also feared that the political power of the Atlantic seaboard states would be threatened by the new citizens of the west, bringing about a clash of western farmers with the merchants and bankers of New England.

In the Fries's Rebellion hundreds of farmers in Pennsylvania revolted — Federalists saw a breakdown in civil society.

The Alien and Sedition Acts were four bills passed in 1798 by the Federalists in the 5th United States Congress in the aftermath of the French Revolution and during an undeclared naval war with Britain and France, later known as the Quasi-War.

Opposition to Federalists among Democratic-Republicans reached new heights at this time since the Democratic-Republicans had supported France.

When Democratic-Republicans in some states refused to enforce federal laws, and even threatened to rebel, Federalists threatened to send the army to force them to capitulate.

Some of this was seen by Federalists as having been caused by French and French-sympathizing immigrants.

Democratic-Republicans denounced them, though they did use them after the 1800 election against Federalists.

He so vigorously supported Alexander Hamilton's reports on public credit, including the assumption of state debts, and supported Hamilton's new Bank of the United States, that he was considered a leading champion by the Federalists.

Infighting within the party and a shortage of qualified candidates, however, played against Gerry, and the Federalists scored points by complaining vocally about the partisan nature of the reforms.

The redistricting controversy contributed to Gerry's defeat in 1812 ( once again at the hands of Caleb Strong, whom the Federalists had brought out of retirement ).< ref > Buel, pp. 148 – 149

The Federalists made him the symbol of their party but for many years, the Jeffersonians continued to distrust his influence and delayed building the Washington Monument.

First printed in March 1812, this political cartoon was drawn in reaction to the state senate electoral districts drawn by the Massachusetts legislature to favour the Democratic-Republican Party candidates of Governor Elbridge Gerry over the Federalists.

This suggests some organised activity of the Federalists to disparage Governor Gerry in particular and the growing Democratic-Republican party in general.

Adams, as a Senator, had supported the Louisiana Purchase and Jefferson's Embargo Act, actions which made him very unpopular with Massachusetts Federalists.

On June 8, Adams broke with the Federalists, resigned his Senate seat, and became a Democrat-Republican.

The Federalists created a standing army and passed laws against French refugees engaged in American politics and against Republican editors.

Wood notes that many historians struggle to understand Madison, but he looks at him within his own times — as a nationalist but one with a different conception of what that meant than the Federalists.

The Federalists made a comeback in the Northeast by attacking the embargo, which was allowed to expire just as Jefferson was leaving office.

Randolph attempted to block Madison's nomination by running James Monroe ; thus gaining the support of Federalists, since Madison was considered Jefferson's staunch political ally.

Madison asked Congress for a declaration of war, which was passed along sectional and party lines, with intense opposition from the Federalists and the Northeast, where the economy had suffered during Jefferson's trade embargo.

The problems were worse due to Jefferson's and Madison's dismantling of the system built by Hamilton and the Federalists.

Federalists responded in kind, some seeing Monroe as at best a French dupe and at worst a traitor.

The Federalists did not even name a candidate, though Rufus King of New York did run in opposition to Monroe under the Federalist banner.