The acronym IRA was first used by the IRB organisation in America ( also known as the Fenian Brotherhood ).

After the war, thousands of Irish veterans joined the Fenian Brotherhood and formed the Irish Republican Army with the intention of invading and holding Canada hostage in exchange for Irish independence.

* 1881 – 1883: John Philip Holland of Liscannor, County Clare, Ireland builts the Fenian Ram submarine for the Fenian Brotherhood.

However, due to funding disputes within the Irish Republican Brotherhood and disagreement over payments from the IRB to Holland, the IRB stole Fenian Ram and the Holland III prototype in November 1883.

The 19th century Irish revolutionary organisation known as the Fenian Brotherhood took its name from these legends.

The Fenian Brotherhood was an Irish republican organization founded in the United States in 1858 by John O ' Mahony and Michael Doheny.

" In 1856 O ' Mahony went to America and founded the Fenian Brotherhood in 1858.

In the United States, O ' Mahony's presidency over the Fenian Brotherhood was being increasingly challenged by William R. Roberts.

In December 1867, O ' Neill became president of the Roberts faction of the Fenian Brotherhood, which in the following year held a great convention in Philadelphia attended by over 400 properly accredited delegates, while 6, 000 Fenian soldiers, armed and in uniform, paraded the streets.

After resigning as president of the Fenian Brotherhood, John O ' Neill unsuccessfully attempted an unsanctioned raid in 1871, joining the forces of his remaining Fenian supporters with exiled members of the Red River Rebellion.

Fear of Fenian attack plagued the Lower Mainland of British Columbia during the 1880s, as the Fenian Brotherhood was actively organizing in Washington and Oregon, but raids never actually materialized.

The Fenian Brotherhood itself, however, continued to exist until voting to disband in 1880.

* Fenian Brotherhood Collection

* Fenian Brotherhood Collection at the American Catholic Historical Society, digitized by Villanova University's Digital Library

*" Torn Between Brothers: A Look at the Internal Divisions that Weakened the Fenian Brotherhood "-Jean Turner for Villanova University's Digital Library

de: Fenian Brotherhood

it: Fenian Brotherhood

The Fenian Brotherhood openly organized and drilled in Washington, particularly in the 1870s and the 1880s, though no cross-border attacks were experienced.

Born in Clontibret, Co Monaghan, Ireland, he had previously served as a Colonel in the United States Army before resigning his commission and becoming active in the Fenian Brotherhood.

Moderating his radical Irish nationalist views, McGee denounced the Fenian Brotherhood in America that advocated a forcible takeover of Canada from Britain by the United States.

They differ from the other cycles in the strength of their links with the Irish-speaking community in Scotland and there are many extant Fenian texts from that country.

The world of the Fenian Cycle is one in which professional warriors spend their time hunting, fighting, and engaging in adventures in the spirit world.

In June 1866, the US Army arrested 700 Fenian troops at Buffalo and the Fenians gave up on their attempt to invade Canada.

Both Fenian factions raised money by the issue of bonds in the name of the " Irish Republic ," which were bought by the faithful in the expectation of their being honored when Ireland should be " a nation once again ".

In Canada, Arthur, as an officer with the Montreal detachment of the Rifle Brigade, undertook a year's training and engaged in defending the Dominion from the Fenian Raids ; there had initially been concern that the Fenians and their supporters in the United States might harm the Prince, but it was decided his military duty was primary.

Archibald continued to pursue a policy of conciliation with the province's Métis population, encouraging them to register their lands and even meeting with Louis Riel after an armed Métis band had defended the government against Fenian invaders from America.

Some clans such as Clan Campbell and Clan Donald claim ancient Celtic mythological progenitors mentioned in the Fenian cycle, with another group including Clan MacSween, Clan Lamont, Clan MacEwen of Otter, Clan Maclachlan, and Clan MacNeil tracing their ancestry back to the 5th century Niall of the Nine Hostages, legendary High King of Ireland, through the O ' Neill dynasty of Cenél nEógain ( Kings of Ailech ).

Colonists in the United Province of Canada, some who experienced their territory being attacked by the United States only 40 years earlier ( in the War of 1812 ), were uncomfortably close to the giant Union Army and faced terrorist attacks during the mid-19th century in the form of Fenian raids.

The American Civil War and the threat of the Fenian Raids motivated their creation in Upper and Lower Canada.

Had the Canadians not retreated, short on ammunition and inexperienced, they might have faced a heavier defeat by the Civil War veterans of the main Fenian army ( which was so well-supplied with ammunition that they dumped thousands of rounds into Black Creek on the eve of the battle in order to lighten their load ).

Very few U. S. immigrants concerned themselves with their mother country as did the Irish ; in March 1868, 100, 000 Fenian supporters held an anti-British demonstration in New York.

The British Government had introduced a concept of " fair rents " in 1870 as a part of the first of the Irish Land Acts, but he continued to hold that the common people of Ireland could not improve their lot without the ownership of their land, and frequently insisted at Fenian meetings that " the land question can be definitely settled only by making the cultivators of the soil proprietors ".

The Fenian Ram was tied to their boat, and the Holland III was tied to the Ram.

He proposed that they create civil war in England and offered the service of two thousand sworn members of the Fenian body, and that he would act as their leader.

The world of the Fenian Cycle is one in which professional warriors spend their time hunting, fighting, and engaging in adventures in the spirit world.

In addition to service during the Fenian raids, they have fought in the Great War and the Second World War ; bolstered NATO operations in Europe and UN peacekeeping worldwide ; and helped their fellow Canadians at home during the 1998 Ice Storm ( Operation ASSISTANCE ) and 2011 flooding in Quebec ( Operation LOTUS ).

Prior to their formal organization into this new battalion structure, these independent companies from Grey and Simcoe counties had deployed from 1864 – 66 to guard strategic points along the Canada-USA border in response to the Fenian Raids.

As their leader, he advised the Fenian membership not to join the militia.

* 1866 – 1, 800 Fenian raiders are repelled back to the United States after they loot and plunder around Saint-Armand and Frelighsburg, Quebec.

There even was a small Fenian raid on a storage building that successfully got back some weapons that had been seized by the US Army.

This Fenian raid occurred during 1870, and the Canadians, acting on information supplied by Thomas Billis Beach, were able to wait for and turn back the attack.

In the first hour of the battle, the Canadians appeared to prevail, driving Fenian skirmishers back across Bertie Road.