" The phrase " and the Son " ( in Latin, " Filioque ") was one of the elements that led to the great schism of 1054 that split Chalcedonian Christianity and has not yet been healed.

In contrast, the Roman Catholic Church and the Protestant churches of western Christianity add the phrases " God from God " and " and the Son " ( see Filioque clause ), and the Armenian Apostolic Church has many more additions.

The Roman Catholic Church considers that almost all of the ancient theological differences have been satisfactorily addressed ( the Filioque clause, the nature of purgatory, etc.

Several of the issues mentioned below have been raised against the Western Church for centuries, as can be seen in The Byzantine Lists: Errors of the Latins, by Tia M. Kolbaba ( University of Illinois Press, 2000 ), which treats of the Latins ' prohibition of ordination of married men, the addition of Filioque to the creed, Lenten fasting different from that in the East, fasting on Saturday, azymes in the Eucharist, differences on baptism, marriage within forbidden degrees, failure to revere icons sufficiently, bishops wearing rings, insufficient reverence for the Virgin Mary, making the sign of the cross differently, various liturgical differences and many similar " errors ".

Together with the Filioque controversy, differences in interpretation of this doctrine have been and remain the primary causes of schism between the Western and Eastern Orthodox churches.

A few authors of 20th-century books on Christian symbolism ( such as Edward N. West in Outward Signs: The Language of Christian Symbolism, 1989 ) have been of the opinion that the form of the diagram with one vertex down and the captions " PATER " and " FILIUS " in the two top nodes is more appropriate for Western Christianity with its Filioque, while the form of the diagram with one vertex up represents more closely the doctrine of the Trinity in Eastern Christianity ( without the Filioque ) — though this hyper-refined interpretation does not agree with 13th-century usage, nor with the use of versions of the diagram with one vertex up by modern Catholics and Protestants.

Meanwhile, the ongoing political situation in the Byzantine Empire especially in Anatolia after the disaster of the Battle of Manzikert forced Nicholas to seek a union with Pope Urban II, though he was firm in his views about the major contentious issues of the day, principally the Filioque, the azymes, and Papal Primacy.

This led to conflict between Constantinople and Rome over doctrinal issues such as the addition of the Filioque clause to the Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed and territorial claims due to the Church of Constantinople's seizure of territory from the Roman Patriarchate in southern Italy and Sicily.

Transylvanians were therefore encouraged to become Catholics and adhere to the newly created Greek-Catholic Church by retaining their Orthodox ritual, but accepting the four doctrinal points established by the Council of Florence between 1431 and 1445: the Pope as the supreme head of the church ; the existence of Purgatory ; the Filioque clause ; and the use of unleavened bread in Holy Communion.

* In the East, the patriarch Photius responded to the practice of certain Frankish monks in Jerusalem who attempted to impose the practice of the Filioque on their Eastern brothers.

The Eastern church believes by the Western church inserting the Filioque unilaterally ( without consulting or holding council with the East ) into the Creed that the Western church broke communion with the East.

* the 2nd directed the recitation of the creed of Constantinople at Holy Communion, with the addition of the Filioque clause: Credo in Spiritum Sanctum qui ex patre filioque procedit (" I believe in the Holy Spirit who proceeds from the Father and Son ") which was never accepted in the Christian East and led to drawn-out controversy ;

Methodius seems to have disregarded, wholly or in part, the prohibition of the Slavonic liturgy ; and when Frankish clerics again found their way into the country, and the archbishop's strictness had displeased the licentious Svatopluk, this was made a cause of complaint against him at Rome, coupled with charges regarding the Filioque.

Nonetheless, these groups recognize that Filioque is not part of the original text established at the First Council of Constantinople in 381 and they do not demand that others too should use it when saying the Creed.

The early sessions lasted until 17 July 1438 with each theological issue of the Great Schism ( 1054 ) hotly debated, including the Processions of the Holy Spirit, Filioque clause in the Nicene Creed, Purgatory and Papal Primacy.

The primary causes of the Schism were disputes over conflicting claims of jurisdiction, in particular over papal authority — Pope Leo IX claimed he held authority over the four Eastern patriarchs ( see also Pentarchy )— and over the insertion of the Filioque clause into the Nicene Creed by the Western patriarch in 1014.

Most of the direct causes of the Great Schism, however, are far less grandiose than the Filioque.

Eastern Orthodox Christians argue that thereby the council condemned not only the addition of the Filioque clause to the creed but also denounced the clause as heretical ( a view strongly espoused by Photius in his polemics against Rome ), while Roman Catholics separate the two and insist on the theological orthodoxy of the clause.

Two books about the Procession of the Holy Ghost ; another one " against the insertion of the Filioque in the Creed "; two books and a letter about " Purgatory "; various sermons and speeches ; a Panegyric of Marcus Eugenicus ( in 1447 ), etc.

The Greeks conceded on the issue of the Filioque ( two words added to the Nicene creed ), and union was proclaimed, but the union was later repudiated by Andronicus II, heir to Michael VIII.

Filioque (), Latin for " and ( from ) the Son ", is a phrase found in the form of Nicene Creed in use in most of the Western Christian churches.

to Photius, declaring the Filioque to be an addition which is rejected by the church of Rome, and a blasphemy which must be abolished calmly and by, degrees.

* Nicene Creed or the Creed of Nicaea is used to refer to the original version adopted at the First Council of Nicaea ( 325 ), to the revised version adopted by the First Council of Constantinople ( 381 ), to the Latin version that includes the phrase " Deum de Deo " and " Filioque ", and to the Armenian version, which does not include " and from the Son ", but does include " God from God " and many other phrases.

Leo forbade the addition of Filioque to the Nicene Creed, when asked to confirm the decision of a Council of Aachen held in 809.

Methodius vindicated his orthodoxy at Rome, the more easily as the creed was still recited there without the Filioque, and promised to obey in regard to the liturgy.

The document quotes the Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed in its original form, without Filioque, which was first added to the creed by the Third Council of Toledo in 589.

The Catholic Church recognizes that the addition of " and the Son " to the Greek form of the Creed would be wrong, because of the specific meaning of the Greek verb that is translated as " proceeds ", but it holds that both forms of the text, with and without " Filioque ", are orthodox in other languages, where " proceeds " can also represent a different Greek verb, used by Greek Fathers when saying that the Holy Spirit " proceeds " ( in that sense ) from the Son.

A synod at Constantinople in 867 excommunicated Nicholas and rejected his claims of primacy, his efforts to convert Bulgaria to the obedience of the Roman Church, and the addition of the Filioque clause in parts of the Latin Church.

Around 1336, Gregory received copies of treatises written by Barlaam against the Latins, condemning their insertion of the Filioque into the Nicene Creed.

The Council had meanwhile successfully negotiated reunification with several Eastern Churches, reaching agreements on such matters as the Western insertion of the phrase " Filioque " to the Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed, the definition and number of the sacraments, and the doctrine of purgatory.

Resuming proceedings on 8 October 1438, the council focused exclusively on the Filioque matter.

Even as it became clear the Greek Church would never consent to the Filioque clause, the Emperor continued to press for a reconciliation.

At the Council of Florence ( 1431 – 1445 ), these controversies about Western theological elaborations and usages were identified as, chiefly, the insertion of " Filioque " in the Nicene Creed, the use of unleavened bread for the Eucharist, Purgatory, and the authority of the Pope.

Around 1336, Gregory Palamas received copies of treatises written by Barlaam against the Latins, condemning their insertion of the Filioque into the Nicene Creed.

It was agreed that the " Filioque " should not be inserted in the Nicene Creed, although the Ruthenian clergy professed and taught the procession of the Holy Spirit from the Father and the Son.

Besides I heard her old uncle that stays there has been doin' it ''.

Southern resentment has been over the method of its ending, the invasion, and Reconstruction ; ;

The situation of the South since 1865 has been unique in the western world.

The North should thank its stars that such has been the case ; ;

As it is, they consider that the North is now reaping the fruits of excess egalitarianism, that in spite of its high standard of living the `` American way '' has been proved inferior to the English and Scandinavian ways, although they disapprove of the socialistic features of the latter.

In what has aptly been called a `` constitutional revolution '', the basic nature of government was transformed from one essentially negative in nature ( the `` night-watchman state '' ) to one with affirmative duties to perform.

For lawyers, reflecting perhaps their parochial preferences, there has been a special fascination since then in the role played by the Supreme Court in that transformation -- the manner in which its decisions altered in `` the switch in time that saved nine '', President Roosevelt's ill-starred but in effect victorious `` Court-packing plan '', the imprimatur of judicial approval that was finally placed upon social legislation.

Labor relations have been transformed, income security has become a standardized feature of political platforms, and all the many facets of the American version of the welfare state have become part of the conventional wisdom.

Historically, however, the concept is one that has been of marked benefit to the people of the Western civilizational group.

In recent weeks, as a result of a sweeping defense policy reappraisal by the Kennedy Administration, basic United States strategy has been modified -- and large new sums allocated -- to meet the accidental-war danger and to reduce it as quickly as possible.

The malignancy of such a landscape has been beautifully described by the Australian Charles Bean.

There has probably always been a bridge of some sort at the southeastern corner of the city.

Even though in most cases the completion of the definitive editions of their writings is still years off, enough documentation has already been assembled to warrant drawing a new composite profile of the leadership which performed the heroic dual feats of winning American independence and founding a new nation.

Madison once remarked: `` My life has been so much a public one '', a comment which fits the careers of the other six.

Thus we are compelled to face the urbanization of the South -- an urbanization which, despite its dramatic and overwhelming effects upon the Southern culture, has been utterly ignored by the bulk of Southern writers.

But the South is, and has been for the past century, engaged in a wide-sweeping urbanization which, oddly enough, is not reflected in its literature.

An example of the changes which have crept over the Southern region may be seen in the Southern Negro's quest for a position in the white-dominated society, a problem that has been reflected in regional fiction especially since 1865.

In the meantime, while the South has been undergoing this phenomenal modernization that is so disappointing to the curious Yankee, Southern writers have certainly done little to reflect and promote their region's progress.

Faulkner culminates the Southern legend perhaps more masterfully than it has ever been, or could ever be, done.

The `` approximate '' is important, because even after the order of the work has been established by the chance method, the result is not inviolable.

But it has been during the last two centuries, during the scientific revolution, that our independence from the physical environment has made the most rapid strides.

In the life sciences, there has been an enormous increase in our understanding of disease, in the mechanisms of heredity, and in bio- and physiological chemistry.

Even in domains where detailed and predictive understanding is still lacking, but where some explanations are possible, as with lightning and weather and earthquakes, the appropriate kind of human action has been more adequately indicated.

The persistent horror of having a malformed child has, I believe, been reduced, not because we have gained any control over this misfortune, but precisely because we have learned that we have so little control over it.