Translations into the vernacular were done by famous notables, including King Alfred ( Old English ), Jean de Meun ( Old French ), Geoffrey Chaucer ( Middle English ), Queen Elizabeth I ( Early Modern English ), and Notker Labeo ( Old High German ).

For this purpose, an agreement was signed with the French government, represented by the High Commissioner for French Polynesia, whereby Clipperton became French state property.

On February 21, 2007, the administration of Clipperton was transferred from the High Commissioner of the Republic in French Polynesia to the Minister of Overseas France.

The French Territory of Afars and Issas also differed from French Somaliland in terms of government structure, as the position of Governor General changed to that of High Commissioner.

The older mixed Vulgate / Diatessaron text type also appears to have continued as a distinct tradition, as such texts appear to underlie surviving 13th-14th century Gospel harmonies in Middle Dutch, Middle High German, Middle French, Middle English, Tuscan and Venetian ; although no example of this hypothetical Latin sub-text has ever been identified.

The French word owes something to both Old High German olbenta " camel ", and to Latin elephantus " elephant ", a word of Greek origin.

The first languages for which standardisation was promoted included Italian (" questione della lingua ": Modern Tuscan / Florentine vs. Old Tuscan / Florentine vs. Venetian > Modern Florentine + archaic Tuscan + Upper Italian ), French ( the standard is based on Parisian ), English ( the standard is based on the London dialect ) and ( High ) German ( based on the dialects of the chancellery of Meissen in Saxony, Middle German and the chancellery of Prague in Bohemia (" Common German ")).

The word flute first entered the English language during the Middle English period, as floute ,, or else flowte, flo ( y ) te, possibly from Old French flaute and from Old Provençal flaüt, or else from Old French fleüte, flaüte, flahute via Middle High German floite or Danish fluit.

The term gambeson is a loan from Old French gambeson, gambaison, originally wambais, formed after the Middle High German term wambeis " doublet ", in turn from Old High German wamba " stomach " ( cognate to womb.

The " difficulty " of English as a written language thus began in the High Middle Ages, when French orthographic conventions were used to spell a language whose original, more suitable orthography had been forgotten after centuries of nonuse.

* Togoland was split into British Togoland ( under an Administrator, a post filled by the colonial Governor of the British Gold Coast ( present Ghana ) except 30 September 1920 – 11 October 1923 Francis Walter Fillon Jackson ) and French Togoland ( under a Commissioner ) ( United Kingdom and France ), 20 July 1922 separate Mandates, transformed on 13 December 1946 into United Nations trust territories, French Togo Associated Territory ( under a Commissioner till 30 August 1956, then under a High Commissioner as Autonomous Republic of Togo ) and British Togoland ( as before ; on 13 December 1956 it ceased to exist as it became part of Ghana )

Unlike in the past there are many types of lutes encountered today: 5-course medieval lutes, renaissance lutes of 6 to 10 courses in many pitches for solo and ensemble performance of Renaissance works, the archlute of Baroque works, 11-course lutes in d-minor tuning for 17th century French, German and Czech music, 13 / 14-course d-minor tuned German Baroque Lutes for later High Baroque and Classical music, theorbo for basso continuo parts in Baroque ensembles, gallichons / mandoras, bandoras, orpharions and others.

The judiciary is modeled on the French system, with a High Constitutional Court, High Court of Justice, Supreme Court, Court of Appeals, criminal tribunals, and tribunals of first instance.

* 2003 – Prince Sadruddin Aga Khan, French United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees ( b. 1933 )

The French State is represented in the territory by a High Commissioner.

The representative of the French central state in New Caledonia is the High Commissioner of the Republic ( Haut-Commissaire de la République, locally known as " haussaire "), who is the head of civil services, and who sits in the government of the territory.

They are written in three different languages: Medieval Latin, Langue d ′ oïl ( Old French ) and Old High German.

* CSA-High Council for the Audiovisual Media ( French community )

An attempt by the French government to incorporate the independent Breton-language immersion schools ( called Diwan ) into the state education system was blocked by the French Constitutional Council on the grounds that, as the 1992 amendment to the Constitution of the 5th Republic states that French is the language of the Republic, no other language may be used as a language of instruction in state schools.

The French president of the Ministerial Council, Reynaud, attributed the collapse in a speech on 21 May 1940:

Indeed, the Superior Council of the French language of Belgium recommended in 2001 the use of centime, since cent is also the French word for " hundred ".

Due to disagreements between French President Charles de Gaulle and the Commission's agriculture proposals, among other things, France boycotted all meetings of the Council bringing work to a halt until it was resolved the following year by the Luxembourg compromise.

In 1960, with the fall of the ruling Dini administration, Ali Aref Bourhan, a Harbist politician, assumed the seat of Vice President of the Government Council of French Somaliland, representing the UNI party.

The white mantle was assigned to the Templars at the Council of Troyes in 1129, and the cross was most probably added to their robes at the launch of the Second Crusade in 1147, when Pope Eugenius III, King Louis VII of France, and many other notables attended a meeting of the French Templars at their headquarters near Paris.

Politics of Mayotte takes place in a framework of a parliamentary representative democratic French overseas collectivity, whereby the President of the General Council is the head of government, and of a multi-party system.

However, with the Council of Vienne in the fourteenth century, they were proclaimed heretics and persecuted, with large numbers being burned at the stake in Narbonne, Toulouse and other French cities.

These reforms included guarantees to ensure the Ottoman subjects perfect security for their lives, honour, and property ; the introduction of the first Ottoman paper banknotes ( 1840 ) and opening of the first post offices ( 1840 ); the reorganization of the finance system according to the French model ( 1840 ); the reorganization of the Civil and Criminal Code according to the French model ( 1840 ); the establishment of the Meclis-i Maarif-i Umumiye ( 1841 ) which was the prototype of the First Ottoman Parliament ( 1876 ); the reorganization of the army and a regular method of recruiting, levying the army, and fixing the duration of military service ( 1843 – 44 ); the adoption of an Ottoman national anthem and Ottoman national flag ( 1844 ); the first nationwide Ottoman census in 1844 ( only male citizens were counted ); the first national identity cards ( officially named the Mecidiye identity papers, or informally kafa kağıdı ( head paper ) documents, 1844 ); the institution of a Council of Public Instruction ( 1845 ) and the Ministry of Education ( Mekatib-i Umumiye Nezareti, 1847, which later became the Maarif Nezareti, 1857 ); the abolition of slavery and slave trade ( 1847 ); the establishment of the first modern universities ( darülfünun, 1848 ), academies ( 1848 ) and teacher schools ( darülmuallimin, 1848 ); establishment of the Ministry of Healthcare ( Tıbbiye Nezareti, 1850 ); the Commerce and Trade Code ( 1850 ); establishment of the Academy of Sciences ( Encümen-i Daniş, 1851 ); establishment of the Şirket-i Hayriye which operated the first steam-powered commuter ferries ( 1851 ); the first European style courts ( Meclis-i Ahkam-ı Adliye, 1853 ) and supreme judiciary council ( Meclis-i Ali-yi Tanzimat, 1853 ); establishment of the modern Municipality of Istanbul ( Şehremaneti, 1854 ) and the City Planning Council ( İntizam-ı Şehir Komisyonu, 1855 ); the abolition of the capitation ( Jizya ) tax on non-Muslims, with a regular method of establishing and collecting taxes ( 1856 ); non-Muslims were allowed to become soldiers ( 1856 ); various provisions for the better administration of the public service and advancement of commerce ; the establishment of the first telegraph networks ( 1847 – 1855 ) and railroads ( 1856 ); the replacement of guilds with factories ; the establishment of the Ottoman Central Bank ( originally established as the Bank-ı Osmanî in 1856, and later reorganized as the Bank-ı Osmanî-i Şahane in 1863 ) and the Ottoman Stock Exchange ( Dersaadet Tahvilat Borsası, established in 1866 ); the Land Code ( Arazi Kanunnamesi, 1857 ); permission for private sector publishers and printing firms with the Serbesti-i Kürşad Nizamnamesi ( 1857 ); establishment of the School of Economical and Political Sciences ( Mekteb-i Mülkiye, 1859 ); the Press and Journalism Regulation Code ( Matbuat Nizamnamesi, 1864 ); among others.

The primary division was between the French and the Imperials ( the followers of the Holy Roman Emperor ), the Imperials wishing to see the Council of Trent reconvened, the French wishing to see it dropped ; a further bone of contention was the Duchy of Parma, for which both the Emperor and the Farnese had claimants.

During the Third French Republic the President of the Council of Ministers acted as President whenever office was vacant.

Politics of Saint Pierre and Miquelon takes place in a framework of a parliamentary representative democratic French overseas collectivity, whereby the President of the Territorial Council is the head of government, and of a multi-party system.

The French opted out of the Shanghai Municipal Council and maintained its own concession to the south and southwest.

Senior French Cardinal Achille Liénart addressed the Council, saying that the bishops could not intelligently vote for strangers.

The United Nations Economic and Social Council ( ECOSOC ) ( French: ( Le ) Conseil économique et social des Nations unies ; CÉSNU ) constitutes one of the principal organs of the United Nations.

The United Nations Trusteeship Council ( French Le Conseil de tutelle des Nations unies ), one of the principal organs of the United Nations, was established to help ensure that trust territories were administered in the best interests of their inhabitants and of international peace and security.

) ( English: Institute of Advanced Scientific Studies ) is a French institute supporting advanced research in mathematics and theoretical physics.

Today, Scientific American publishes 18 foreign-language editions around the globe: Arabic, Brazilian Portuguese, Simplified Chinese, Traditional Chinese, Czech, Dutch, French, German, Greek, Hebrew, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Lithuanian ( discontinued after 15 issues ), Polish, Romanian, Russian, and Spanish.

The 17th century falls into the Early Modern period of Europe and in that continent was characterized by the Dutch Golden Age, the Baroque cultural movement, the French Grand Siècle dominated by Louis XIV, the Scientific Revolution, and The General Crisis.

Many fundamental and applied scientific research laboratories are conjointly managed by Joseph Fourier University, Grenoble Institute of Technology, and the French National Centre for Scientific Research ( CNRS ).

In the same year, Joliot-Curie was appointed Undersecretary of State for Scientific Research by the French government, in which capacity she helped in founding the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.

Scientific name: The Laughing Kookaburra was first described in western knowledge systems by French naturalist Johann Hermann in 1783, its specific epithet novaeguineae refers to New Guinea.

INRIA is a Public Scientific and Technical Research Establishment ( EPST ) under the double supervision of the French Ministry of National Education, Advanced Instruction and Research and the Ministry of Economy, Finance and Industry.

The Institut national de la recherche scientifique ( French, National Institute of Scientific Research ) is the research-oriented branch of Université du Québec which only offer graduate studies.

In 1946, he was named Research Assistant at the French National Science Research Centre, a post he was obliged to leave ten years later because of the inability of the Centre to decide in which Scientific Section his work belonged!

# REDIRECT French National Centre for Scientific Research

The following is an extract from a report by Prof. Bernard Cerquiglini, the director of the National Institute of the French Language ( l ' Institut national de la langue française ; a branch of the National Center of Scientific Research, CNRS ) for the French Education, Research and Technology Minister and the French Culture and Communications Minister on the languages of France ( April 1999 ):

200 public and private laboratories whose 31 of them members of French National Centre for Scientific Research are located in the technopole.

In 1936 Perrin, now an undersecretary for research, founded the Service Central de la Recherche Scientifique ( French Central Agency for Scientific Research ).

In addition to Religious Education, pupils study Irish, English, Maths, French and a choice of three from Chemistry, Accountancy, German, Art, Physics, Geography, Economics, Music, Biology, History, Business, Home Economics ( Social & Scientific ) & Design and Communication Graphics

Defence Minister Hervé Morin said the government would create a board of physicians, overseen by a French judge magistrate, to determine if individual cases were caused by French testing, and if individuals were suffering from illnesses on a United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation list of eighteen disorders linked to exposure to testing.

* unité mixte de recherche, a French administrative entity created between a research center located in a public university and a French Scientific and Technical Research Establishment ( Établissement public à caractère scientifique et technologique ) like CNRS or INRA

The awards are a result of a partnership between the French cosmetics company L ' Oréal and the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO ) and carry a grant of $ 100, 000 USD for each laureate.

She also featured on Music for Other Occasions ( 1986 ) with Lindsay Cooper, Domestic Stories ( 1992 ) with Chris Cutler and Lutz Glandien, Each in Our Own Thoughts ( 1994 ) with Tim Hodgkinson, and A Scientific Dream and a French Kiss ( 1998 ) with Marie Goyette.

* A Scientific Dream and a French Kiss ( 1998, CD, Resurgence )

Jean-Pierre Petit ( born 5 April 1937, Choisy-le-Roi ) is a French scientist, senior researcher at National Center for Scientific Research ( CNRS ) as an astrophysicist in Marseille Observatory, now retired.