Alain Connes (; born 1 April 1947 ) is a French mathematician, currently Professor at the Collège de France, IHÉS, The Ohio State University and Vanderbilt University.

Former Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice ( who was famously mistaken for a " recent American immigrant " by French President Nicolas Sarkozy ), said " descendants of slaves did not get much of a head start, and I think you continue to see some of the effects of that.

The French consolidated their legal claim to the area through an 1887 convention with Congo Free State, which granted France possession of the right bank of the Oubangui River.

The French Revolution also disrupted this system, as the revolutionary State and Napoleon imprisoned a number of diplomats accused of working against France.

The Concordat of 1801 between Napoleon and the Church ended the de-Christianization period and established the rules for a relationship between the Catholic Church and the French State that lasted until it was abrogated by the Third Republic via the separation of church and state on 11 December 1905.

His major subsequent films include The French Connection ( 1971 ), in which he played Jimmy " Popeye " Doyle ; The Poseidon Adventure ( 1972 ); The Conversation ( 1974 ); Superman ( 1978 ), in which he played arch-villain Lex Luthor ; Hoosiers ( 1986 ); Mississippi Burning ( 1987 ); Unforgiven ( 1992 ); The Firm ( 1993 ); Crimson Tide ( 1995 ); Get Shorty ( 1995 ); The Birdcage ( 1996 ); Enemy of the State ( 1998 ); and The Royal Tenenbaums ( 2001 ).

Because of the controversy surrounding Palmerston's removal as Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs because of his letter to the French ambassador endorsing Louis Bonaparte's 2 December 1851 coup, Palmerston could not now be appointed Foreign Minister again so soon after his removal from the same position.

But, the recently appointed French Secretary of State, Jean-Baptiste Colbert, was trying to promote farming in the colony and was opposed to exploration and trapping.

Sometimes a head of state assumes office as a state becomes legal and political reality, before a formal title for the highest office is determined ; thus in the since 1 January 1960 independent republic Cameroon ( Cameroun, a former French colony ), the first President, Ahmadou Babatoura Ahidjo, was at first not styled président but ' merely ' known as Chef d ' état ( literal French for ' Head of State ') until 5 May 1960 ; in Uganda, military coup leader since 25 January 1971 Idi Amin was formally styled military head of State till 21 February 1971, only from then on regular ( but unconstitutional, not elected ) President.

* Led by the legendary French Lick standout Larry Bird, Indiana State was the runner-up in the 1979 NCAA Tournament.

The Kellogg – Briand Pact is named after its authors: United States Secretary of State Frank B. Kellogg and French foreign minister Aristide Briand.

After negotiations, the pact was signed in Paris at the French Foreign Ministry by the representatives from Australia, Belgium, Canada, Czechoslovakia, France, Germany, British India, the Irish Free State, Italy, Japan, New Zealand, Poland, South Africa, the United Kingdom and the United States.

Some Louisiana urban environments have a multicultural, multilingual heritage, being so strongly influenced by an admixture of 18th century French, Spanish, Native American ( Indian ) and African cultures that they are considered to be somewhat exceptional in the U. S. Before the American influx and statehood at the beginning of the 19th century, the territory of current Louisiana State had been a Spanish and French colony.

A disagreement regarding the legal status and the portion of the annuities to be paid by the " A " mandates was settled when an Arbitrator ruled that some of the mandates contained more than one State: The difficulty arises here how one is to regard the Asiatic countries under the British and French mandates.

The French State is represented in the territory by a High Commissioner.

Philip IV was the force behind this ruthless move, but it has also tarnished the historical reputation of Clement V. From the very day of Clement V's coronation, the king falsely charged the Templars with heresy, immorality and abuses, and the scruples of the Pope were compromised by a growing sense that the burgeoning French State might not wait for the Church, but would proceed independently.

Secretary of State Timothy Pickering reported to Congress on June 21, 1797, that the French had seized 316 American merchant ships in the previous eleven months.

When French emperor Napoleon I completed his conquest of Northern Italy and began to push his armies towards the edges of the northern territories of the Papal State, San Marino found itself forced to choose between maintaining the alliance with the Papal State or creating a new one with France.

He also stated that French President Sarkozy is like any other European elite: he has profited through the murder, rape, and pillaging of those less fortunate and he refuses to allow equal opportunity for those men and women from Africa.

Ponsonby and Wellington both marvel at the precision of the French formations, while Wellington refuses permission to an artillery officer to fire long range shot at Napoleon himself.

Because of the involvement of French émigrés living in Britain, there is a brief anti-British feeling in France, but the emperor refuses to support it.

He also supports economic patriotism, as he smokes Gauloises cigarettes, he drinks red wine, he eats French cheese and refuses to be painted using China ink.

1954 – French are defeated at Dien Bien Phu after the United States refuses to send air support.

At present the French Post Office here is a receptacle of several hundred letters addressed to the generals, staff officers and officers of every Regiment which the postmaster refuses to give up until some chivalrous person pays £ 12 ( 300 francs ) for the whole bundle and to take the chance of being repaid by the various persons ... ... to whom they are addressed.

When the Fisherman begins to terrorize French Landing, the police all but beg " Hollywood " Jack Sawyer for his assistance and are surprised when he flatly refuses.

The new Kaiser Friedrich Wilhelm V refuses to return the former French territory of Alsace-Lorraine that France's ruling party had demanded.

Back on Manukura, Dr. Kersaint begs recently appointed local French Governor Eugene De Laage ( Raymond Massey ) to have Terangi brought home to serve his sentence under parole, but De Laage refuses to compromise his stern interpretation of the law, despite the pleas of Captain Nagle, Father Paul ( C. Aubrey Smith ), and even his own wife ( Mary Astor ).

Charles, though, promises her in marriage to the Duke of Orléans ( heir to the French crown ) but she refuses, and, in anger, the Duke promises her to whoever brings him the head of de la Marck.

The difference is important, since the French government refuses to legally define what is a religion and what is not, and refuses to legally delimit the boundaries of religions.

Although the Nebel stream lay between Fugger's and Marsin's squadrons, the French were forced to change front to meet this new threat, thus forestalling the chance for Marsin to strike at Marlborough's infantry.

Villeroi meanwhile, was still moving more reserves of infantry in the opposite direction towards his left flank ; crucially, it would be some time before the French commander noticed the subtle change in emphasis of the Allied dispositions.

The potential of a successful engagement at sea to change the course of history is underscored by the list of French army officers carried aboard the convoy who later formed the core of the generals and marshals under Emperor Napoleon.

As time progressed, English country dances were spread and reinterpreted throughout the Western world, and eventually the French form of the name came to be associated with the American folk dances, especially in New England ( this Gallicized name change may have followed a contemporary misbelief that the form was originally French ).

There is still some debate as to whether or not this change from clitic to affix has occurred with French subject pronouns.

The democratization of the American, British, and French sectors of occupied Germany ( disputed ), Austria, Italy, and the occupied Japan served as a model for the later theory of regime change.

In one opinion, this pattern is clearly present among the modern Romance tongues, with Italian and Spanish having a high degree of mutual comprehensibility, which neither language shares with French, despite some claiming that both languages are genetically closer to French than to each other: In fact, French-Italian and French-Spanish relative mutual incomprehensibility is due to French having undergone more rapid and more pervasive phonological change than have Spanish and Italian, not to real or imagined distance in genetic relationship.

However, when it comes to phonological structures, Italian and Spanish have undergone less change than French, with the result that some native speakers of Italian and Spanish may attain a degree of mutual comprehension that permits extensive communication.

Political change in continental Europe was spurred by the French Revolution under the motto liberté, egalité, fraternité.

In the middle of the 19th century — a time of change, as Emperor Napoleon III rebuilt Paris and waged war — the Académie des Beaux-Arts dominated French art.

Though inspired by French socialist and sociological thought, Marx criticised utopian socialists, arguing that their favoured small scale socialistic communities would be bound to marginalisation and poverty, and that only a large scale change in the economic system can bring about real change.

The sultan had approved the manifesto before its submission to the French resident general, who answered that no basic change in the protectorate status was being considered.

In Strange Defeat he clearly states his view that individuals can change events and he castigates the French government's refusal to trust its own officers in the field of battle, thus leading to the surrender of France to the Nazis.

The French art scene was in a process of change, as radical artists such as Courbet and Manet tried to break away from accepted Academic tradition and the Impressionists were in their formative years.

The French Emperor, Napoleon III, feared that a powerful Germany would change the balance of power in Europe ( the French opposition politician Adolphe Thiers had correctly observed that it had really been France who had been defeated at Königgrätz ).

Given that most French supporters of phrenology were liberal, left-wing or socialist, it was an objective of the social elite of France who held a restrained vision of social change that phrenology remain on the fringes.

Clement appears to have conducted himself throughout his pontificate as the mere tool of the French monarchy, a radical change in papal policy.

Coubertin grew up in a time of profound change in France: France's defeat in the Franco-Prussian War, the Paris Commune, and the establishment of the French Third Republic, and later the Dreyfus Affair.