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French and policy
Trevelyan accepts Italian nationalism with little analysis, he is unduly critical of papal and French policy, and he is more than generous in assessing British policy.
To hold them was an essential part of French policy, for they controlled the upper termini of the routes from the north to Mobile.
Relations between the two countries have not always been cordial due to the former French government's policy of supporting militant separatists in Angola's Cabinda province and the international Angolagate scandal embarrassed both governments by exposing corruption and illicit arms deals.
The French finally acquired the islands through a cunning mixture of strategies, including the policy of ' divide and conquer ', chequebook politics and a serendipitous affair between a sultana and a French trader that was put to good use by the French, who kept control of the islands, quelling unrest and the occasional uprising.
Elizabeth's first policy toward Scotland was to oppose the French presence there.
Given the differences of opinion within the Lord Aberdeen cabinet over the direction of foreign policy with regard to relations between Britain and the French under Napoleon III, it is not surprising that debate raged within the government as Louis Bonaparte, now assuming the title of Emperor Napoleon III of France.
Millions of non-Germans subjects in the German Empire, like the Polish, Danish and French minorities, were discriminated against, and a policy of Germanisation was implemented.
In the French system, in the event of cohabitation, the president is often allowed to set the policy agenda in foreign affairs and the prime minister runs the domestic agenda.
The French have stood among the strongest supporters of NATO and EU policy in the Balkans to prevent genocide in Yugoslavia.
A strong friend of the French Revolution, Monroe tried to assure France that Washington's policy of strict neutrality did not favor Britain.
Ribbentrop wanted to buy time to complete German rearmament by removing preventive war as a French policy option.
During the French Revolution, nationalism was a policy of the Republican Left.
The policy decimated the population of Martinique and the rest of the French Antilles and set back their colonization by decades, causing the French king to relax his policies in the islands yet leaving the islands susceptible to British occupation over the next century.
The history of French colonial policy in Mauritania is closely tied to that of the other French possessions in West Africa, particularly to that of Senegal, on which Mauritania was economically, politically, and administratively dependent until independence.
The treaty, written into the Treaty of Versailles, established that Monegasque policy would be aligned with French political, military, and economic interests.
Numerous French authors helped cement French policy around mercantilism in the 17th century.
This French mercantilism was best articulated by Jean-Baptiste Colbert ( in office, 1665 – 1683 ), though policy liberalised greatly under Napoleon.
During the economic collapse of the seventeenth century Spain had little coherent economic policy, but French mercantilist policies were imported by Philip V with some success.

French and assimilation
French colonial policy incorporated concepts of assimilation and association.
Assimilation presupposed the inherent superiority of French culture over all others, so that in practice the assimilation policy in the colonies meant extension of the French language, institutions, laws, and customs.
The French colonial administration also adopted divide-and-rule policies, applying ideas of assimilation only to the educated elite.
In fact, although they were strongly opposed to the practices of association, educated Ivoirians believed that they would achieve equality with their French peers through assimilation rather than through complete independence from France, a change that would eliminate the enormous economic advantages of remaining a French possession.
But after the assimilation doctrine was implemented entirely, at least in principle, through the postwar reforms, Ivoirian leaders realized that even assimilation implied the superiority of the French over the Ivoirians and that discrimination and inequality would end only with independence.
The Huguenots adapted quickly and often began to marry outside their immediate French communities fairly rapidly, which led to their assimilation.
He bore particular affection for the undertaking of Robert Baldwin and Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine, that in 1849 successfully restored the rights of the French language along with the obtention of responsible government, thus thwarting the assimilation plans of Lord Durham's policy of forced Union between Upper and Lower Canada.
In practice, colonialism was the economic exploitation and the cultural Westernization of the indigenous peoples, which was effected with the colonial ideology of “ cultural assimilation ”; a basic principle of empire of French and Portuguese colonial rule in the Asia of the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
Although in the end the policy of assimilation failed during the Union ( 1840 – 1867 ) and after, in practice, the Act of Union prevented the granting of responsible government to the French Canadian people ( as a majority in Lower Canada ).
As soon as 1842, Lord Durham's intended policy of assimilation faced setbacks, as Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine's party in the House managed to force de facto re-establishment of French as a language of Parliament.
More controversially, he recommended the government-sponsored assimilation of French Canadians to the English language and culture.
The federation's objectives were the assimilation of the évolués into the French community, with full citizenship but without surrendering their personal status as Muslims, and the eventual integration of Algeria as a full province of France.
In March 1943, Abbas, who had abandoned assimilation as a viable alternative to self-determination, presented the French administration with the Manifesto of the Algerian People, signed by fifty-six Algerian nationalist and international leaders.
The French government also later placed new administrative posts in the colony and began to develop it economically while introducing French culture and language to locals as part of an assimilation program.
If such trends continue, researchers predict that the low birthrate amongst francophones and the lack of adoption of the French language and assimilation into the francophone culture by allophone ( those whose primary language is neither English nor French ) immigrants will cause the French-speaking population on the island of Montreal to dive below the 50 percent mark in the coming decades, but not the Montreal metropolitan census area as a whole.
English merchants and politicians in Canada pushed for a assemblage of the Canada's, which would lead to the assimilation of the French.
On 30 May 2011, she wrote a letter to the Members of Parliament about dual citizenship: she claimed that " in the dual citizenship lie one of the main ferments of breach of the republican cohesion that France needs more than ever and a potent brake on the assimilation of French people from immigration ".
The Quebec Mercury was deeply conservative, advocated for the assimilation of French Canadians, and sought to " unfrenchify " the colony.
* female ( Old French femelle, diminutive of femme " woman "), by assimilation with male ( Old French masle, from Latin masculus ).

French and direct
Incorrectly believing the French to be five days ahead rather than two, Nelson insisted on a direct route to Alexandria without deviation.
Making rapid time on a direct route, Nelson reached Alexandria on 28 June and discovered that the French were not there.
In response to Libya's direct intervention, French and Zairian forces intervened to defend Habré, pushing Libyan and rebel forces north of the 16th parallel.
Spain's alliance with the French pitched them into direct conflict with the British, and in 1762 a British expedition of five warships and 4, 000 troops set out from Portsmouth to capture Cuba.
One notable use was during the French Revolution, when the dethroned King Louis XVI ( a member of the House of Bourbon and a direct male-line descendant of Hugh Capet ) and Queen Marie Antoinette ( a member of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine ) were referred to as " Louis and Antoinette Capet " ( the queen being addressed as " the Widow Capet " after the execution of her husband ).
This statement was likely picked up by the author of the Estoire Merlin, or Vulgate Merlin, where the author ( who was fond of fanciful folk etymologies ) asserts that Escalibor " is a Hebrew name which means in French ' cuts iron, steel, and wood '" (" c ' est non Ebrieu qui dist en franchois trenche fer & achier et fust "; note that the word for " steel " here, achier, also means " blade " or " sword " and comes from medieval Latin aciarium, a derivative of acies " sharp ", so there is no direct connection with Latin chalybs in this etymology ).
Consolation came in the form of dominance in Europe and the American Revolutionary War, where extensive French aid in the form of money and arms, and the direct participation of its army and navy led to America's independence.
The direct reason was that foreigners were forbidden to serve in the French Army after the 1830 July Revolution, so the Foreign Legion was created to allow the government a way around this restriction.
Charles II, having no direct heir, was succeeded by his great-nephew Philip V, a French prince, in 1700.
The British East India Company, although still in direct competition with French and Dutch interests until 1763, was able to extend its control over almost the whole of India in the century following the subjugation of Bengal at the 1757 Battle of Plassey.
With his fluent French and knowledge of the culture, Frankenheimer was asked to direct French Connection II, set entirely in Marseille.
The failure of John's French military campaign in 1214 was probably the final straw that precipitated the baronial uprising during John's final years as king ; James Holt describes the path to civil war as " direct, short and unavoidable " following the defeat at Bouvines.
In Portugal " Esquerda caviar " is used, basically a direct translation of the French term.
The French accepted the Druze as having established control and the Maronites were reduced to a semi-autonomous region around Mt Lebanon, without even direct control over Beirut itself.
With the war against Spain ( 1859 – 1860 ) came direct involvement in European affairs — although the independence of Morocco was guaranteed in the Conference of Madrid ( 1880 ), the French gained ever greater influence.
The Gendarmerie is the direct descendant of the Marshalcy of the ancien regime, more commonly known by its French title, the Maréchaussée.
Unlike most other direct French taxes, nobles and clergy were not exempted from capitation taxes.
Christophe Geiger notes that it is " a difficult, almost impossible task " to analyse the relationship between the Statute of Anne and early French copyright law, both because it is difficult to make a direct connection, and because the ongoing debate over both has led to radically different interpretations of each nation's law.
Significant rebellions occurred on Tanna and Espiritu Santo and paperwork revealed the direct culpability of France in its desire to see Espiritu Santo become a separate French colony.
The acquisition of Lorraine for the former Polish king, however, proved of lasting benefit to France, as it passed under direct French rule with Stanisław's death in 1766.
The name " whitedish " is a modern term used by some historians, though the name historically was either a direct translation from or a calque of the Old French term.
* French raison is derived directly from Latin, and this is the direct source of the English word " reason ".
When the French intelligence found information about someone giving the German embassy military secrets, anti-semitism seems to have caused senior officers to suspect Dreyfus, though there was no direct evidence of any wrongdoing.

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