Returning from this first missionary journey to Antioch, they were again sent up to Jerusalem to consult with the church there regarding the relation of Gentiles to the church ( Acts 15: 2 ; Galatians 2: 1 ).

The Galatians were in their origin a part of the great Celtic migration which invaded Italy and Macedon, led by Brennus.

While the momentum of the invasion was broken, the Galatians were by no means exterminated.

Josephus related the Biblical figure Gomer to Galatia ( or perhaps to Gaul in general ): " For Gomer founded those whom the Greeks now call Galatians, but were then called Gomerites.

He had previously written his commentaries on the Epistle to Galatians ( 1865 ), Epistle to Philippians ( 1868 ) and Epistle to the Colossians ( 1875 ), the notes to which were distinguished by sound judgment and enriched from his large store of patristic and classical learning.

The Galatians were removed from the calling of the gospel ( Gal.

In Galatians the Judaizers were trying to insist that salvation required that a person be circumcised prior to obeying the Law of Christ.

Deiotarus become an ally of the Roman Republic general Pompey in 63 BC, who named him king of all the Celtic tribes of Asia minor, which were collectively known as Galatians ( hence the name Galatia for the region ).

Kelly states that Saint Paul is a witness to the fact that even while the New Testament was being written hard-and-fast outlines of the faith were emerging for the transmission of authoritative doctrine and gives examples from Galatians, 2 Thessalonians, Romans and 1 Corinthians ).

The estimation of the year of Paul's conversion relies on a series of calculations working backwards from the well established date of his trial before Gallio ( mentioned in the Delphi Inscription ) in Achaea Greece ( Acts 18: 12-17 ) AD 51-52, the meeting of Priscilla and Aquila which were expelled from Rome about AD 49 and the 14-year period before returning to Jerusalem in Galatians 2: 1.

The letters were written during a time when Paul recorded encounters with the disciples of Jesus, e. g. Galatians 1: 18 states that several years after his conversion Paul went to Jerusalem and stayed with Apostle Peter for fifteen days.

Meanwhile, fights for the sharing of Anatolia continued and were complicated by the Galatians coming in from Europe.

While the Hellenistic Kingdoms ( the inheritors of Alexander the Great ) were fighting each other and the Galatians, Rome became the most powerful state in Europe and started to follow a policy of expansion to the east.

Passages from Galatians were used to show that Paul respected Peter's office and acknowledged a shared faith.

The Greeks believe that the name comes either from Galaktos ( meaning milk, as the area was used by shepherds in the early medieval period ) or from the word Galat ( meaning Celtic in Greek ) as the Celtic tribe of Galatians were thought to have camped here during the Hellenistic period before settling into Galatia in central Anatolia.

Galatians 3: 26 " So in Christ Jesus you are all children of God through faith, 27 for all of you who were baptized into Christ have clothed yourselves with Christ.

Even so, the Hellenistic kings were never in complete control, in part because Anatolia was contested between the Selucids, the Attalids of Pergamon, and the Galatians, invading Celts from Europe.

Josephus placed Gomer and the " Gomerites " in Anatolian Galatia: " For Gomer founded those whom the Greeks now call Galatians, but were then called Gomerites.

The prescribed readings for the Sunday were from the Epistle to the Galatians, Paul's admonition to " walk in the Spirit " (), and from the Gospel of Matthew, from the Sermon on the Mount the demand not to worry about material needs, but to seek God's kingdom first ().

" Yet after the death of Jesus, the inclusion of the Gentiles as equals in this burgeoning sect of Judaism also caused problems, particularly when it came to Gentiles keeping the Mosaic Law, which was both a major issue at the Council of Jerusalem and a theme of Paul's Epistle to the Galatians, though the relationship of Paul of Tarsus and Judaism is still disputed today.

UPCI doctrine also distinguishes between the fruit of the Spirit, as mentioned in Galatians 5: 22 – 23, and the initial act of speaking in tongues.

The South Galatian view holds that Paul wrote Galatians before or shortly after the First Jerusalem Council, probably on his way to it, and that it was written to churches he had presumably planted during either his time in Tarsus ( he would have traveled a short distance, since Tarsus is in Cilicia ) after his first visit to Jerusalem as a Christian, or during his first missionary journey, when he traveled throughout southern Galatia.

In 189 BC, Rome sent Gnaeus Manlius Vulso on an expedition against the Galatians, the Galatian War.

The inhabitants of Galatia are famous for the Epistle to the Galatians and the Dying Galatian statue.

As it is usually pointed out by the same authors who note the differences in language and style, the number of words foreign to the New Testament and Paul is no greater in Colossians than in the undisputed Pauline letters ( Galatians, of similar length, has 35 hapax legomena ).

St. Jerome wrote in a comment to " the epistle of St Paul to the Galatians " that the Galatians spoke the same language as the Treveri ( Trier ).

Jerome states that as of the 4th century their language was similar to that of the Celts of Asia Minor ( the Galatians ).

From the language of many later writers who speak of Symmachus, he must have been a man of great importance among the Ebionites, for " Symmachians " remained a term applied by Catholics even in the fourth century to the Nazarenes or Ebionites, as we know from the pseudepigraphical imitator of Ambrose, the Ambrosiaster, Prologue to the Epistle to the Galatians, and from Augustine's writings against heretics.

Collecting in the famous excursion into the Balkans, ostensibly, from the Hellene point-of-view, to raid Delphi, a branch of the Volcae split from the main group on the way into the Balkans and joined two other tribes, the Tolistobogii and the Trocmi, to settle in central Asia Minor and establish a new Gaulish identity as the Galatians.

* Nemetons also existed as far east as the Gaulish region of Galatia in Anatolia, where Strabo records the name of the meeting-place of the council of the Galatians as Drunemeton.

It is more likely that the epistle was written some time before the Jerusalem council, and that teachers came from Jerusalem to Antioch teaching the need for it after Paul wrote his epistle to the Galatians, churches from the first missionary journey, addressing this issue.

Hajj Sayed argues that the description of the conflict between Paul and Barnabas in Galatians supports the idea that the Gospel of Barnabas existed at the time of Paul.

All three letters of John likely date from the mid-first-century, during a time of intense inter-apostolic rivalry between Paul and the Jerusalem leaders, evidenced most dramatically, for example, in Paul's epistle to the Galatians.

The Dying Gaul, an ancient Roman marble copy of a lost ancient Greek statue, thought to have been executed in bronze, commissioned some time between 230 BC – 220 BC by Attalos I of Pergamon to honor his victory over the Galatians

Another list, given this time by the Epistle to the Galatians ( Galatians 5: 19-21 ), includes more of the traditional seven sins, although the list is substantially longer: adultery, fornication, uncleanness, lasciviousness, idolatry, sorcery, hatred, variance, emulations, wrath, strife, seditions, heresies, envyings, murders, drunkenness, revellings, " and such like ".

Galatians 1: 13 – 14 states, " For ye have heard of my conversation in time past in the Jews ' religion, how that beyond measure I persecuted the church of God, and wasted it: And profited in the Jews ' religion above many my equals in mine own nation, being more exceedingly zealous of the traditions of my fathers " ( King James Version ).

Marcion and his followers stated that the polemic against false apostles in Galatians was aimed at Peter, James and John, the " Pillars of the Church ", as well as the " false " gospels circulating through the churches at the time.

The letter to the Galatians strongly influenced Martin Luther at the time of the Protestant Reformation because of its exposition of Justification by Grace.

Although Catechumens existed by the time of the Letter to the Galatians ( Strong's G2727 ), which mentions them, the practice slowly developed, from the development of doctrine and the need to test converts against the dangers of falling away.

The Dying Gaul ( in Italian: Galata Morente ), formerly known as the Dying Gladiator, is an ancient Roman marble copy of a lost Hellenistic sculpture that is thought to have been executed in bronze, which was commissioned some time between 230 BC and 220 BC by Attalus I of Pergamon to celebrate his victory over the Celtic Galatians in Anatolia.

The Interpretation of St. Paul ’ s Epistles to the Galatians, to the Ephesians, and to the Philippians.

St. Paul in opposing his enemies in Galatia names John explicitly along with Peter and James the Just ( the brother of Jesus ) as a " pillar of the Church ", and refers to the recognition which his Apostolic preaching of a Gospel free from the law received from these three, the most prominent men of the old Mother-Church at Jerusalem ( Galatians 2: 9 ).

* St. Paul's Anathema Esto in Galatians One by Gerald O. Hoenecke

It is significant for being an innovative departure from the early English hymn style of only using paraphrased biblical texts, although the first two lines of the second verse do paraphrase St Paul at Galatians 6: 14.

They are quoted as the Periodi by St. Jerome in 387 and 392 ( On Galatians 1: 18, and Adv.

Rollock wrote Commentaries on the Epistles to the Ephesians ( 590 ) and Thessalonians ( 1598 ) and Hebrews ( 1605 ), the book of Daniel ( 1591 ), the Gospel of St John ( 1599 ) and some of the Psalms ( 1598 ); an analysis of the Epistle to the Romans ( 1594 ), and Galatians ( 1602 ); also Questions and Answers on the Covenant of God ( 1596 ), and a Treatise on Effectual Calling ( 1597 ).

** Pauline epistles, addressed by St. Paul to various communities or congregations, such as " Letters to the Galatians " or " Letters to the Corinthians ", and part of the canonical books of the Bible

* Sir W. M. Ramsay, Historical Geography of Asia Minor ( 1890 ), Historical Commentary on Galatians ( 1899 ) and Cities of St Paul ( 1907 )

To the former class belong the Biblical Cyclopaedia, his edition of Alexander Cruden's Concordance, his Early Oriental History, and his discourses on the Divine Love and on Paul the Preacher ; to the latter his commentaries on the Greek text of St Paul's epistles to the Ephesians, Colossians, Philippians and Galatians, published at intervals in four volumes.