In 1976 the International Astronomical Union ( IAU ) revised the definition of the AU for greater precision, defining it as that length for which the Gaussian gravitational constant ( k ) takes the value when the units of measurement are the astronomical units of length, mass and time.

It introduced the Gaussian gravitational constant, and contained an influential treatment of the method of least squares, a procedure used in all sciences to this day to minimize the impact of measurement error.

Some terms associated with gravitational mass and its effects are the Gaussian gravitational constant, the standard gravitational parameter and the Schwarzschild radius.

In this case we use the Gaussian gravitational constant k, where

So it was useful to express these masses in units of solar masses ( see Gaussian gravitational constant ).

* Gaussian gravitational constant

: k is the Gaussian gravitational constant.

The Gaussian gravitational constant ( symbol k ) is an astronomical constant first proposed by German polymath Carl Friedrich Gauss in his 1809 work Theoria motus corporum coelestium in sectionibus conicis solem ambientum (" Theory of Motion of the Celestial Bodies Moving in Conic Sections around the Sun "), although he had already used the concept to great success in predicting the orbit of Ceres in 1801.

The Gaussian gravitational constant is related to an expression which is the same for all bodies orbiting the Sun.

Their efforts led to the preparation of Newcomb's Tables of the Sun in 1895, and correspond to a value for the Gaussian gravitational constant of, where A is the length of the semi-major axis of the Earth's orbit and D is the mean solar day at J1900. 0.

* Carl Friedrich Gauss publishes Theoria motus corporum coelestium in sectionibus conicis solem ambientum in Hamburg, introducing the Gaussian gravitational constant and containing an influential treatment of the least squares method.

The astronomical unit of length is that length ( A ) for which the Gaussian gravitational constant ( k ) takes the value when the units of measurement are the astronomical units of length, mass and time.

Gauss ' constant should not be confused with the Gaussian gravitational constant.

# The sphere has constant positive Gaussian curvature.

Hence, bending a surface will not alter the Gaussian curvature and other surfaces with constant positive Gaussian curvature can be obtained by cutting a small slit in the sphere and bending it.

All these other surfaces would have boundaries and the sphere is the only surface without boundary with constant positive Gaussian curvature.

The pseudosphere is an example of a surface with constant negative Gaussian curvature.

Where Tr is the 10 % to 90 % rise time, and K is a constant of proportionality related to the pulse shape, equal to 0. 35 for exponential rise, and 0. 338 for Gaussian rise.

NA is also good at climbing sharp crests by adaptation of the moment matrix, because NA may maximise the disorder ( average information ) of the Gaussian simultaneously keeping the mean fitness constant.

Another corollary is that the distribution of, where b is a constant vector of the same length as x and the dot indicates a vector product, is univariate Gaussian with.

The wavelet is defined as a constant subtracted from a plane wave and then localised by a Gaussian window:

Additive white Gaussian noise ( AWGN ) is a channel model in which the only impairment to communication is a linear addition of wideband or white noise with a constant spectral density ( expressed as watts per hertz of bandwidth ) and a Gaussian distribution of amplitude.

A sphere of radius R has constant Gaussian curvature which is equal to 1 / R < sup > 2 </ sup >.

An application of the Theorema Egregium is seen in a common pizza-eating strategy: A slice of pizza can be seen as a surface with constant Gaussian curvature 0.

Giuseppe Piazzi | Piazzi's discovery of Ceres ( dwarf planet ) | Ceres, described in his book Della scoperta del nuovo pianeta Cerere Ferdinandea, demonstrated the utility of the Gaussian gravitation constant in predicting the positions of objects within the Solar System.

The Gaussian theory, however, is only true so long as the angles made by all rays with the optical axis ( the symmetrical axis of the system ) are infinitely small, i. e. with infinitesimal objects, images and lenses ; in practice these conditions are not realized, and the images projected by uncorrected systems are, in general, ill defined and often completely blurred, if the aperture or field of view exceeds certain limits.

If the angle u1 is very small, O ' 1 is the Gaussian image ; and O ' 1 O ' 2 is termed the longitudinal aberration, and O ' 1R the lateral aberration of the pencils with aperture u2.

For a Gaussian response system ( or a simple RC roll off ), the rise time is approximated by:

This is in P, since an XOR-SAT formula is a system of linear equations mod 2, and can be solved by Gaussian elimination.

* A Gaussian function, a specific kind of function whose graph is a bell-shaped curve

* Normal ( Gaussian ) distribution, whose density function is a Gaussian function

" Four normal distribution | Gaussian distributions in statisticsThis unproved statement put a strain on his relationship with János Bolyai ( who thought that Gauss was " stealing " his idea ), but it is now generally taken at face value.

Among these choices, Gaussian units are the most common today, and in fact the phrase " CGS units " is often used to refer specifically to CGS-Gaussian units.

** Normal dynamics, is a stochastic motion having a Gaussian probability density function in position with variance MSD that follows, MSD ~ t, where MSD is the mean squared displacement of the process, and t is the time the process is seen ( normal dynamics and Brownian dynamics are very similar ; the term used depends on the field )

This paper introduced what is now called the ring of Gaussian integers, the set of all complex numbers a + bi where a and b are integers.

If R is a Euclidean domain in which euclidean division is given algorithmically ( as is the case for instance when R = F where F is a field, or when R is the ring of Gaussian integers ), then greatest common divisors can be computed using a form of the Euclidean algorithm based on the division procedure.

In linear algebra, Gaussian elimination is an algorithm for solving systems of linear equations.

Gaussian elimination alone is sufficient for many applications, and requires fewer calculations than the Gauss – Jordan version.

The notes were widely imitated, which made ( what is now called ) Gaussian elimination a standard lesson in algebra textbooks by the end of the 18th century.

With the increasing popularity of multi-core processors, programmers now exploit thread-level parallel Gaussian elimination algorithms to increase the speed of computing.

This paper not only introduced the Gaussian integers and proved they are a unique factorization domain, it also introduced the terms norm, unit, primary, and associate, which are now standard in algebraic number theory.

The linear case would now routinely be handled by Gaussian elimination, rather than the theoretical solution provided by Cramer's rule.

Via the exponential map, it now can be precisely defined as the Gaussian curvature of a surface through p determined by the image under exp < sub > p </ sub > of a 2-dimensional subspace of T < sub > p </ sub > M.

The above Gaussian wavepacket, unnormalized and just centered at the origin, instead, can now be written in 3D:

As is discussed in more detail below, the Gaussian periods are closely related to another class of sums of roots of unity, now generally called Gauss sums ( sometimes Gaussian sums ).

Subsequent work has strongly borne out the connection between the distribution of the zeros of the Riemann zeta function and the eigenvalues of a random Hermitian matrix drawn from the Gaussian unitary ensemble, and both are now believed to obey the same statistics.

Although they have been largely replaced by diode-pumped solid state lasers and laser diodes, they are now used principally for specialized applications such as interferometry and holography due to their long coherence length and Gaussian irradiance profile.

In engineering and practical areas, SI is near-universal and has been for decades, while in technical, scientific literature ( such as theoretical physics and astronomy ), Gaussian units were predominant until recent decades, but are now getting progressively less so.