* Gell-Mann matrices

The gluon contains an octet of fields, belongs to the adjoint representation ( 8 ), and can be written using the Gell-Mann matrices as

Gluons have a combination of two color charges ( one of red, green or blue and one of antired, antigreen and antiblue ) in a superposition of states which are given by the Gell-Mann matrices.

Well-known families of Pauli matrices, Gell-Mann matrices and various generalizations are Hermitian.

If this is chosen to be the one generated by the Gell-Mann matrices λ < sub > 3 </ sub > and λ < sub > 8 </ sub >, then the maximum Abelian gauge is that which maximizes the function

In the academic field, physicist Murray Gell-Mann named a type of subatomic particle as a quark, after the phrase " Three quarks for Muster Mark " on page 383 of Finnegans Wake, as he already had the sound " kwork ".

One of his greatest achievements in physics was his 1961 discovery of the classification of hadrons through the SU ( 3 ) flavour symmetry, now named the Eightfold Way, which was also proposed independently by Murray Gell-Mann.

Murray Gell-Mann (; born September 15, 1929 ) is an American physicist who received the 1969 Nobel Prize in physics for his work on the theory of elementary particles.

Gell-Mann is responsible for the see-saw theory of neutrino masses, that produces masses at the inverse-GUT scale in any theory with a right-handed neutrino, like the SO ( 10 ) model.

The name was coined by Gell-Mann and is a reference to the novel Finnegans Wake, by James Joyce (" Three quarks for Muster Mark!

Gell-Mann got around that " by supposing that one ingredient of the line ' Three quarks for Muster Mark ' was a cry of ' Three quarts for Mister.

Since free quark searches consistently failed to turn up any evidence for the new particles, and because an elementary particle back then was defined as a particle which could be separated and isolated, Gell-Mann often said that quarks were merely convenient mathematical constructs, not real particles.

The dependence of physical quantities, such as the electric charge or electron mass, on the scale Λ is hidden, effectively swapped for the longer-distance scales at which the physical quantities are measured, and, as a result, all observable quantities end up being finite, instead, even for an infinite Λ. Gell-Mann and Low thus realized in these results that, while, infinitesimally, a tiny change in g is provided by the above RG equation given ψ ( g ), the self-similarity is expressed by the fact that ψ ( g ) depends explicitly only upon the parameter ( s ) of the theory, and not upon the scale μ. Consequently, the above renormalization group equation may be solved for ( G and thus ) g ( μ ).

Strangeness was introduced by Murray Gell-Mann and Kazuhiko Nishijima to explain the fact that certain particles, such as the kaons or certain hyperons, were created easily in particle collisions, yet decayed much more slowly than expected for their large masses and large production cross sections.

Unlike Gell-Mann, Zweig was partly led to his picture of the quark model by the peculiarly attenuated decays of the φ meson to ρ π, a feature codified by what is now known as the OZI Rule, the " Z " in which stands for " Zweig ".

As pointed out by astrophysicist John Gribbin, Gell-Mann deservedly received the Nobel Prize for physics in 1969, for his overall contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interactions ; at that time, quark theory had not become fully accepted, and was not specifically mentioned.

Nevertheless, in 1977 Richard Feynman nominated both Gell-Mann and Zweig for the Nobel prize, presumed to be his only

In physics, the Eightfold Way is a term coined by American physicist Murray Gell-Mann for a theory organizing subatomic baryons and mesons into octets ( alluding to the Noble Eightfold Path of Buddhism ).

Gell-Mann received the 1969 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on the theory of elementary particles.

Physicist Murray Gell-Mann for example acknowledged that " when biological evolution — based on largely random variation in genetic material and on natural selection — operates on the structure of actual organisms, it does so subject to the laws of physical science, which place crucial limitations on how living things can be constructed .".

Actually, Gell-Mann had been let in on the Sudarshan / Marshak work on Sudarshan's initiative, but no acknowledgment appeared in the later paper — except for an informal allusion.

The 1969 prize was won by Murray Gell-Mann " for his contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interactions " ( essentially, discovering quarks ).

Israeli physicist Yuval Ne ' eman published the classification of hadrons through their SU ( 3 ) flavor symmetry independently of Gell-Mann in 1962, and also felt that he had been unjustly deprived of the prize for the quark model.

The weak hypercharge in particle physics is a conserved quantum number relating the electrical charge and the third component of weak isospin, and is similar to the Gell-Mann – Nishijima formula for the hypercharge of strong interactions ( which is not conserved ).

He is the author of a number of books, including The Ten Most Beautiful Experiments ( 2008 ) and Strange Beauty: Murray Gell-Mann and the Revolution in 20th-Century Physics ( 1999 ), and writes for a number of publications, including The New York Times.

In the 1950s – 1970s, Caltech was the home of Murray Gell-Mann and Richard Feynman, whose work was central to the establishment of the Standard Model of particle physics.

The Britannica has an Editorial Board of Advisors, which includes 12 distinguished scholars: author Nicholas Carr, religion scholar Wendy Doniger, political economist Benjamin M. Friedman, Council on Foreign Relations President Emeritus Leslie H. Gelb, computer scientist David Gelernter, Physics Nobel laureate Murray Gell-Mann, Carnegie Corporation of New York President Vartan Gregorian, philosopher Thomas Nagel, cognitive scientist Donald Norman, musicologist Don Michael Randel, Stewart Sutherland, Baron Sutherland of Houndwood, President of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, and cultural anthropologist Michael Wesch.

Murray Gell-Mann always referred to Feynman diagrams as Stueckelberg diagrams, after a Swiss physicist, Ernst Stueckelberg, who devised a similar notation many years earlier.

The author George Johnson has written a biography of Gell-Mann, which is titled Strange Beauty: Murray Gell-Mann, and the Revolution in 20th-Century Physics, which Dr. Gell-Mann has criticized as inaccurate.

* Encyclopædia Britannica's Biography of Murray Gell-Mann

* Murray Gell-Mann Home page at Santa Fe Institute

* Murray Gell-Mann tells his life story at Web of Stories

* The Making of a Physicist: A Talk With Murray Gell-Mann

* The many worlds of Murray Gell-Mann

* The Simple and the Complex, Part I: The Quantum and the Quasi-Classical with Murray Gell-Mann, Ph. D.

* TED Talks: Murray Gell-Mann on beauty and truth in physics at TED in 2007

* TED Talks: Murray Gell-Mann on the ancestor of language at TED

* Murray Gell-Mann Video Interview with the Academy of Achievement in 1990

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