::: 6 years traditional study using compressed version of the Geshe curriculum.

Another example is the New Kadampa Tradition which was established in 1991 by Geshe Kelsang Gyatso following a three-year retreat in Tharpaland, Dumfried.

Robert Bluck explained that as a consequence of opening Madhayamaka Centre, Lama Yeshe asked for Geshe Kelsang's resignation, " but his students petitioned him to remain, and a struggle ensued for control of Manjushri Institute, which eventually withdrew from the FPMT.

After completing his retreat in the early months of 1991, Geshe Kelsang announced the creation of the NKT-IKBU, an event which was celebrated by his students in the NKT-IKBU magazine Full Moon as " a wonderful development in the history of the Buddhadharma.

Geshe Kelsang regards all his books as " coming from Je Tsongkhapa, with himself as being like a cassette recorder into which the Wisdom Buddha, the Dharma Protector Dorje Shugden, has placed the cassette of Je Tsongkhapa's teachings.

The New Kadampa Tradition " offers standard Gelugpa teachings based on Geshe Kelsang's books, which present a systematic path to enlightenment.

In the same year Lama Thubten Yeshe and Lama Zopa Rinpoche visited Geshe Kelsang in India and invited him over to teach at the Manjushri Institute, which was a part of their FPMT network.

In 1979 Lama Yeshe installed another Geshe at Manjushri Institute, Geshe Jampa Tekchok, to teach a parallel twelve-year Geshe Studies Programme, which was recognized and validated by the Dalai Lama and which was modeled on the traditional Geshe degree.

" Kay comments the developments at that time: " By giving his study programmes a textual basis, Geshe Kelsang not only provided accessible materials to enhance the focus and commitment of his students, but also laid down structures through which spiritual authority could later be concentrated exclusively on him.

In the Spring of that same year, Geshe Kelsang announced the creation of the ' New Kadampa Tradition ', an event which was celebrated in the NKT-Magazine Full Moon as " a wonderful development in the history of the Buddhadharma.

The many NKT centres which were built up rapidly by his followers could gather under the common auspices of the NKT and their spiritual guide, distinguishing and disassociating themselves from other Tibetan Buddhist traditions, especially the Gelug school from which Geshe Kelsang Gyatso originated.

The NKT-IKBU's teachings are based exclusively on the teachings and published works of Geshe Kelsang, which in turn are commentaries on Gelug works, especially those of its founder Je Tsongkhapa's texts.

# The Foundation Program ( FP ), which includes the study of six commentaries written by Geshe Kelsang on the following classical texts.

After completing his retreat in the spring of 1991, Geshe Kelsang announced the creation of the NKT-IKBU, an event which was celebrated by his students in the NKT-IKBU magazine Full Moon as " a wonderful development in the history of the Buddhadharma.

Qualification as an NKT-IKBU Dharma teacher is generally achieved by attending the NKT-IKBU's own Teacher Training Program, which Geshe Kelsang regards as " a western equivalent to the traditional Tibetan Geshe degree.

Acting from of a sense of " spiritual solidarity " for Dorje Shugden practitioners in India, hundreds of members of the NKT-IKBU joined in the Western Shugden Society in publicly demonstrating against the Dalai Lama's " explicit ban " which resulted in Geshe Kelsang Gyatso's expulsion from his alma mater, Sera Je monastery.

The FPMT now asks its lamas to sign a " Geshe Agreement " which make explicit the organization's expectations.

Among those who practised Shugden in the Gelug school were not only the Dalai Lama but also Geshe Rabten, Kyabje Zong Rinpoche, Lama Yeshe ( founder of the FPMT ), Geshe Kelsang Gyatso ( founder of the NKT ) and Tomo Geshe Rinpoche.

According to Kay, of the two Geshes at Manjushri Institute, it was Geshe Kelsang who had always taken the greater interest in the running and direction of the Institute, and most of the students there were closer to him.

" The pictures of the Dalai Lama were removed from the gompas and shrines of Geshe Kelsang's centres.

The many Dharma Centres that were following Geshe Kelsang's spiritual direction were gathered under the common auspices of the NKT-IKBU, with him as their General Spiritual Director ( GSD ).

Geshe Kelsang Gyatso explains that when a person is first ordained they receive a Rabjung ( preliminary ) ordination ; when their renunciation improves and deepens, their ordination naturally transforms into a Getsul ( sramanera ) ordination ; and when their renunciation becomes " a spontaneous wish to attain nirvana ", their ordination naturally transforms into a Gelong ( bhikkhu ) ordination.

Even before coming to the West, Geshe Kelsang was " by all accounts, a very well respected scholar and meditator " within the Tibetan exile community.

Before that time Song Rinpoche, Geshe Lhundup Sopa, Geshe Rabten, as well as other lamas such as Ajahn Sumedho and Thich Nhat Hanh have taught at Manjushri Institute.

Geshe Kelsang uses the terms New Kadampa and Gelugpa synonymously, in accordance with his lineage gurus as well as the current Dalai Lama, who explained: " So we call the teachings of both Atisha and Je Tsongkhapa the Kadampa tradition, and then slowly this becomes the New Kadampa and then finally it is known as the Gelugpa.

At Sera Je, he successfully completed the full Geshe studies of five large philosophical texts.

Kay states: " The first major development that took place during Geshe Kelsang's retreat was the introduction of the ' Teacher Training Programme ' ( TTP ) at the Manjushri Institute.

Also Geshe Kelsang Gyatso published a translation titled " Guide to the Bodhisattvas Way of Life " in 2002.

Translated by Geshe Thupten Jinpa.

Govinda had begun his explorations of Buddhism in the Theravada tradition, studying briefly under the German-born bhikkhu, Nyanatiloka Mahathera ( who gave him the name Govinda ), but after meeting the Gelug Lama, Tomo Geshe Rinpoche, in 1931, he turned towards Tibetan Buddhism.

Tibetan lamas such as the Karmapa ( Rangjung Rigpe Dorje ), Chögyam Trungpa Rinpoche, Geshe Wangyal, Geshe Lhundub Sopa, Dezhung Rinpoche, Sermey Khensur Lobsang Tharchin, Tarthang Tulku, Lama Yeshe and Thubten Zopa Rinpoche all established teaching centers in the West from the 1970s.

In 1976, Geshe Kelsang Gyatso was invited by Lama Thubten Yeshe via their spiritual guide, Trijang Rinpoche, to become the resident teacher at the main FPMT center in England.

Geshe Sonam Rinchen explains the above quote as follows: " Here Nagarjuna states the Madhyamika or middle way position.

Andin International ( designer and manufacturer of fine jewelry ), founded by the Buddhist teacher Geshe Michael Roach, is a division of The Richline Group, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Berkshire Hathaway formed in 2007.

Dhardo Rinpoche was educated in the traditional Tibetan monastic style, taking his Geshe Degree and graduating at the Lharmapa level at Drepung Monastery, and doing further study at Gyud-med Tantric College.

* Geshe Kelsang Gyatso.

* Geshe Sonam Rinchen.

* Geshe Kelsang Gyatso.

* the lojong ( mind training ) proverbs authored by Geshe Chekhawa in the 12th century CE.

Geshe Lhundub Sopa w / David Pratt.

According to Geshe Ngawang Dakpa of Sera Je Monastery in a 2008 Dharma Talk, " Aryadeva was an Ayurvedic medicine doctor monk just like Aśvaghoṣa and Nāgārjuna.

He is the founder and former spiritual director of the New Kadampa Tradition ~ International Kadampa Buddhist Union ( NKT-IKBU ), a Western Buddhist order based primarily on the teachings of the Gelugpa tradition, albeit " not subordinate to Tibetan authorities other than Geshe Gyatso himself.

Geshe Kelsang was born in Tibet in 1931 and ordained at the age of eight.

Geshe Kelsang Gyatso was born on Dharmachakra Day ( the 4th day of the 6th month of the Tibetan lunar calendar ) 1931 in Yangcho Tang, eastern Tibet.

( In November 1986, Geshe Kelsang oversaw the rebuilding of Ngamring Jampa Ling Monastery after its destruction, and it was fully restored and reopened by September 1988.

" After studying on the Geshe training program at Jampaling, Geshe Kelsang passed two examinations at Tashilhunpo Monastery in Shigatse, and received his Geshe degree.

Later Geshe Kelsang continued his studies at Sera Monastery near Lhasa, one of the great Gelug monastic universities of Tibet.