and this first section was somehow preserved ( there are always these annoying little mysteries about the actual facts of Malraux's life ) when the Gestapo destroyed the rest.

Bloch was shot by the Gestapo during the German occupation of France in World War II for his active membership of the French Resistance, and Febvre carried on the Annales approach in the 1940s and 1950s.

In late October 1938, when he was living in a rented room in the home of a Jewish family in Frankfurt, he was arrested by the Gestapo and deported to Poland.

The Gestapo (; abbreviation of Geheime Staatspolizei, " Secret State Police ") was the official secret police of Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe.

Göring, concerned that Diels was not ruthless enough to use the Gestapo effectively to counteract the power of the Sturmabteilung ( SA ), handed over its control to Himmler on 20 April 1934.

Heinrich Müller was at that time the Gestapo operations chief.

The Gestapo was specifically exempted from responsibility to administrative courts, where citizens normally could sue the state to conform to laws.

The power of the Gestapo most open to misuse was called Schutzhaft —" protective custody ", a euphemism for the power to imprison people without judicial proceedings.

During World War II, the Gestapo was expanded to around 46, 000 members.

This was partly because of the aftermath of the Venlo incident of 1939, when SD and Gestapo agents posing as anti-Nazis in the Netherlands kidnapped two British Secret Intelligence Service ( SIS ) officers lured to a meeting to discuss peace terms.

At this time, the Gestapo was condemned as a criminal organization with the SS.

In 1936, the Gestapo was moved from the Prussian Interior Ministry to the Reich Interior Ministry and combined with the Kripo ( National criminal police ) to form the SiPo, Sicherheitspolizei ( Security Police ).

It should be noted that in 1941 Referat N, the central command office of the Gestapo was formed.

The local offices of the Gestapo, known as Stapostellen and Stapoleitstellen, answered to a local commander known as the Inspekteur der Sicherheitspolizei und des SD (" Inspector of the Security Police and Security Service ") who, in turn, was under the dual command of Referat N of the Gestapo and also his local SS and Police Leader.

From 1943 forward, he was both Chief of German Police and Minister of the Interior, overseeing all internal and external police and security forces, including the Gestapo ( Secret State Police ).

Göring, concerned that Diels was not ruthless enough to use the Gestapo effectively to counteract the power of the SA, handed over its control to Himmler on 20 April 1934.

He was arrested and subsequently assassinated by the Gestapo on the night of 4 January 1944 at Hørbylunde, near Silkeborg.

Nikolaus ' Klaus ' Barbie ( 25 October 1913 – 25 September 1991 ) was an SS-Hauptsturmführer ( rank equivalent to army captain ) and Gestapo member.

By 1933, however, the continued operation of the school was untenable ( it was raided by the Gestapo in April ), and in July of that year, Mies and the faculty voted to close the Bauhaus.

On 5 March 1940, after the Gestapo – NKVD Third Conference was held in Zakopane, Beria sent a note ( no.

He was captured and shot by the Gestapo during the German occupation of France for his work in the French Resistance.

He was eventually captured by Vichy police and turned over to the Gestapo, which tortured and shot him in June 1944, just as the Nazis realized that the Allies were about to reconquer France ; Bloch became a national martyr after the Allied liberation.

Gestapo and Kripo had many experienced, professional policemen and investigators, who considered the SD to be an incompetent agency run by amateurs.

Further, the Gestapo and the Kripo or Kriminalpolizei ( Criminal Police ) were incorporated into the SiPo or Sicherheitspolizei ( Security Police ) and considered a complementary organisation to the SD or Sicherheitsdienst ( Security Service ).

The organization was the first Nazi Party intelligence organization to be established and was often considered a " sister organization " with the Gestapo, which the SS had infiltrated heavily after 1934.

" After his arrest in July 1944, Stauffenberg ’ s older brother Berthold told the Gestapo that: “ He and his brother had basically approved of the racial principle of National Socialism, but considered it to be exaggerated and excessive ”.

Stauffenberg told the Gestapo that “ He and his brother had basically approved of the racial principle of National Socialism, but considered it to be exaggerated and excessive ” Stauffenberg went on to state,

This court considered only evidence placed before it by the Gestapo.

They were often considered more dangerous to the French Resistance than the Gestapo and SS because they were Frenchmen who spoke the language fluently, had a much more extensive knowledge of the towns and land, and knew people and informers.

In practice, however, the SiPo and the SD frequently came into jurisdictional and operational conflict with each other, due in large part to the fact that the Gestapo and Kripo had many experienced, professional policemen and investigators, that considered the SD as an organisation of amateurs and often thought the SD a rather incompetent agency.

German citizens who worked at railways and defense enterprises were qualified as " penetrated agents of the German General Staff and Gestapo ", ready for diversion activity " during the war period " (! NB: the war was considered imminent ).

The Gestapo reportedly considered her " the most dangerous of all Allied spies ".

The plague that carries people off unexpectedly echoes the reality of the occupation, in which people could be snatched from their homes by the Gestapo and imprisoned or sent to work as slave labor in German-controlled territories or simply killed.

However, these internal departments remained and the Gestapo continued to be a department under the RSHA umbrella.

The classic image of the Gestapo officer, dressed in trench coat and hat, can be attributed to Gestapo offices in German cities and larger towns.

At around this time, after several Gestapo – NKVD Conferences, Soviet NKVD officers also conducted lengthy interrogations of 300, 000 Polish POWs in camps that were, in effect, a selection process to determine who would be killed.

* Judgment of the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg, declaring SD and Gestapo to be criminal organizations

On 27 June 1944 the Gestapo took the tapestry to the Louvre and on 18 August, three days before the Wehrmacht withdrew from Paris, Himmler sent a message ( intercepted by Bletchley Park ) ordering it to be taken to " a place of safety ", thought to be Berlin.

On 18 July rumours reached Stauffenberg that the Gestapo had wind of the conspiracy and that he might be arrested at any time – this was apparently not true, but there was a sense that the net was closing in and that the next opportunity to kill Hitler must be taken because there might not be another.

Tura pretends to be Col. Ehrhardt of the Gestapo, and Siletsky gives him the report containing the names and addresses of the families of the Polish pilots.

As a means of isolating Röhm, on 20 April 1934, Göring transferred control of the Prussian political police ( Gestapo ) to Himmler, who, Göring believed, could be counted on to move against Röhm.

A British newspaper told its readers that hundreds " are reported to be lying about, penniless and deserted, in little villages along the frontier near where they had been driven out by the Gestapo and left.

When German troops moved into Czechoslovakia during the spring of 1939, Mucha was among the first persons to be arrested by the Gestapo.

The first was issued by Rundstedt in July 1942, and stated that captured Allied parachutists were to be handed over to the Gestapo, whether in uniform or not, rather than made prisoners of war.

Haushofer admits that after 1933 much of what he wrote was distorted under duress: his wife had to be protected by Hess's influence ( who managed to have her awarded ' honorary German ' status ); his son was implicated in the July 20 plot to assassinate Hitler and was executed by the Gestapo ; he himself was imprisoned in Dachau concentration camp for eight months ; and his son and grandson were imprisoned for two-and-a-half months.

Those who remained in Germany were forbidden to work at universities and were subject to surprise raids by the Gestapo in order to ensure that they were not violating the ban on producing artwork ; Nolde secretly carried on painting, but using only watercolors ( so as not to be betrayed by the telltale odor of oil paint ).

Lane's vehement response to this infringement on her right of free speech resulted in a flurry of newspaper articles and the publishing of a pamphlet, " What is this, the Gestapo ?," that was meant to remind Americans to be watchful of their rights, despite the wartime exigencies.