The canonicity of these Greek additions has been a subject of scholarly disagreement practically since their first appearance in the Septuagint –- Martin Luther, being perhaps the most vocal Reformation-era critic of the work, considered even the original Hebrew version to be of very doubtful value.

The Council of Trent, the summation of the Roman Catholic Counter-Reformation, declared the entire book, both Hebrew text and Greek additions, to be canonical.

While modern Roman Catholic scholars openly recognize the Greek additions as clearly being additions to the text, the Book of Esther is used twice in commonly used sections of the Catholic Lectionary.

* Translation from the Greek of Theodotion by Jerome: The three additions to the Book of Daniel ; Song of the Three Children, Story of Susanna, and The Idol Bel and the Dragon.

Of the Old Testament texts not found in the Hebrew, Jerome translated Tobit and Judith anew from the Aramaic ; and from the Greek, the additions to Esther from the Septuagint, and the additions to Daniel from Theodotion.

In the Vulgate text, Jerome's translations from the Greek of the additions to Esther and Daniel are combined with his separate translations of these books from the Hebrew.

In the King James Version of the deuterocanonical Greek additions to Esther, his name is spelled as Mardocheus.

However, the expansion of the Salt Lake City metropolitan area into Payson has changed the city's ethnic and religious makeup with additions of Catholic ( including Eastern Rite Catholic and Greek Catholic brought in by Greek, Italian and Yugoslav settlers ), Presbyterian, Evangelist, and Wiccan.

Among the more important of his later writings were the articles on Aristotle, Plato and Socrates, contributed to the eighth edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica, and afterwards reprinted with additions under the title of The Fathers of Greek Philosophy ( Edinburgh, 1862 ).

In some cases these additions were originally composed in Greek, while in other cases they are translations of Hebrew books or variants not present in the Masoretic texts.

Meleager's Anthology was popular enough that it attracted later additions. Prefaces to the editions of Philippus of Thessalonica and Agathias were preserved in the Greek Anthology to attest to their additions of later poems.

He studied Latin and Greek, and at fifteen, when his schooling was completed, a small legacy left to his mother, with some additions from kindly neighbours, enabled him to go to the University of Edinburgh, which he attended during the four winter sessions 1762-1765.

These influences can be seen in certain frequent additions to diner menus, such as Greek moussaka, Slavic blintzes, and Jewish matzah ball soup.

It served the same purpose as the later Roman itinerarium of road stops ; however, the Greek navigators added various notes, which if they were professional geographers ( as many were ) became part of their own additions to Greek geography.

As soon as he reached Amsterdam he published anonymously the Prolegomena ad Novi Testamenti Graeci editionem, which he had proposed should accompany his Greek Testament, and which was republished by him, with additions, as part of his great work, 1751.

The epoch of the Crusades, of the rise of towns, and of the earliest bureaucratic states of the West, it saw the culmination of Romanesque art and the beginnings of Gothic ; the emergence of the vernacular literatures ; the revival of the Latin classics and of Latin poetry and Roman law ; the recovery of Greek science, with its Arabic additions, and of much of Greek philosophy ; and the origin of the first European universities.

The deuterocanonical additions to the Hebrew books of Esther and Daniel are included at their proper places in these protocanonical books: the Greek additions to Esther are interspersed in the Hebrew form of Esther according to the Septuagint, while the additions to Daniel are placed within chapter 3 and as chapters 13 and 14 of Daniel.

The name Ahasuerus is equivalent to Xerxes, both deriving from the Persian Khshayārsha, thus Ahasuerus is usually identified as Xerxes I ( 486-465 BCE ), though Ahasuerus is identified as Artaxerxes in the later Greek version of Esther ( as well as by Josephus, the Jewish commentary Esther Rabbah, the Ethiopic translation and the Christian theologian Bar-Hebraeus who identified him more precisely as Artaxerxes II ).

* The Greek Book of Esther, included in the Septuagint, is a retelling of the events of the Hebrew Book of Esther rather than a translation and records additional traditions, in particular the identification of Ahasuerus with Artaxerxes and details of various letters.

It translates the Hebrew Esther but interpolates translations of the Greek Esther where the latter provides additional material.

These were not targums (" translations ") in the true sense but like the Greek Esther are retellings of events and include additional legends relating to Purim.

The Septuagint version of Esther translates the name Ahasuerus as Artaxerxes, a Greek name derived from the Persian Artakhshatra.

Bar-Hebraeus identified Ahasuerus explicitly as Artaxerxes II ; however, the names are not necessarily equivalent: Hebrew has a form of the name Artaxerxes distinct from Ahasuerus, and a direct Greek rendering of Ahasuerus is used by both Josephus and the Septuagint for occurrences of the name outside the Book of Esther.

An additional six chapters appear interspersed in Esther in the Septuagint, the Greek translation of the bible.

The Greek version ( Septuagint ) of the Book of Esther refers to him as Artaxerxes, and the historian Josephus relates that this was the name by which he was known to the Greeks.

Esther Rabba and the Vulgate present " Ahasuerus " as a different name for the king to " Artaxerxes " rather than an equivalent in different languages, and the Septuagint distinguished between the two names using a Greek transliteration of Ahasuerus for occurrences outside the Book of Esther.

He follows the Hebrew Book of Esther but shows awareness of some of the additional material found in the Greek version in that he too identifies Ahasuerus as Artaxerxes and provides the text of the king's letter.

The Koine Greek word Ιουδαϊζω being translated here occurs once in the Septuagint, in Esther 8: 16 – 17 written around 200 BC in Susa, Persia:

Queen Vashti ( Hebrew: ושתי, Persian: و َ شتی, Koine Greek: Αστιν, Astin ) is the first wife of King Ahasuerus in the Book of Esther, a book included in the Tanakh ( Hebrew Bible ) and read on the Jewish holiday of Purim.

I have chosen to use the word `` mimesis '' in its Christian rather than its classic implications and to discover in the concrete forms of both art and myth powers of theological expression which, as in the Christian mind, are the direct consequence of involvement in historical experience, which are not reserved, as in the Greek mind, only to moments of theoretical reflection.

In Greek tragedy as in Shakespeare, mortal actions are encompassed by forces which transcend man.

Those famous lines of the Greek Anthology with which a fading beauty dedicates her mirror at the shrine of a goddess reveal a wise attitude: `` Venus, take my votive glass, Since I am not what I was, What from this day I shall be, Venus, let me never see ''.

The epic poems, the consolidation of the Greek pantheon, the rise of firm political units, the self-awareness which could permit painted and sculptured representations of men -- all these had to await the progress of following decades.

Greek civilization was swirling toward its great revolution, in which the developed qualities of the Hellenic outlook were suddenly to break forth.

-- Greece and West Germany have ratified an agreement under which Germany will pay $28,700,000 to Greek victims of Nazi persecution, it was announced today.

It is similar to the Ancient Greek letter Alpha, from which it derives.

However, while Apollo has a great number of appellations in Greek myth, only a few occur in Latin literature, chief among them Phoebus ( ; Φοίβος, Phoibos, literally " radiant "), which was very commonly used by both the Greeks and Romans in Apollo's role as the god of light.

Walter Burkert discerned three components in the prehistory of Apollo worship, which he termed " a Dorian-northwest Greek component, a Cretan-Minoan component, and a Syro-Hittite component.

The connection with Dorians and their initiation festival apellai is reinforced by the month Apellaios in northwest Greek calendars, but it can explain only the Doric type of the name, which is connected with the Ancient Macedonian word " pella " ( Pella ), stone.

However, the Greek tradition is referring to the existence of vapours and chewing of laurel-leaves, which seem to be confirmed by recent studies.

However, this story may reflect a cultural influence which had the reverse direction: Hittite cuneiform texts mention a Minor Asian god called Appaliunas or Apalunas in connection with the city of Wilusa attested in Hittite inscriptions, which is now generally regarded as being identical with the Greek Ilion by most scholars.

The earliest Greek word for a statue is " delight " ( άγαλμα: agalma ), and the sculptors tried to create forms which would inspire such guiding vision.

The muscular frames and limbs combined with slim waists indicate the Greek desire for health, and the physical capacity which was necessary in the hard Greek environment.

The evolution of the Greek art seems to go parallel with the Greek philosophical conceptions, which changed from the natural-philosophy of Thales to the metaphysical theory of Pythagoras.

The adoption of a standard recognizable type for a long time, is probably because nature gives preference in survival of a type which has long be adopted by the climatic conditions, and also due to the general Greek belief that nature expresses itself in ideal forms that can be imagined and represented.

The animistic idea as the representation of the imaginative reality, is sanctified in the Homeric poems and in Greek myths, in stories of the god Hephaestus ( Phaistos ) and the mythic Daedalus ( the builder of the labyrinth ) that made images which moved of their own accord.

The last stage in the development of the Kouros type is the late archaic period ( 520 – 485 BC ), in which the Greek sculpture attained a full knowledge of human anatomy and used to create a relative harmonious whole.

Amphibian is derived from the Ancient Greek term ἀμφίβιος ( amphíbios ), which means " both kinds of life ", amphi meaning " of both kinds " and bio meaning " life ".

The Ancient Greek word for seaweed was φῦκος ( fūkos or phykos ), which could mean either the seaweed ( probably red algae ) or a red dye derived from it.

The first " true alphabet " in this sense is believed to be the Greek alphabet, which is a modified form of the Phoenician alphabet.