This style had developed during internecine warfare amongst the Greeks ; since each city-state fought in the same way, the advantages and disadvantages of the hoplite phalanx had not been obvious.

The Greeks developed the classical orders of architecture, which are most easily distinguished by the form of the column and its various elements.

The Roman author Vitruvius, relying on the writings ( now lost ) of Greek authors, tells us that the ancient Greeks believed that their Doric order developed from techniques for building in wood in which the earlier smoothed tree trunk was replaced by a stone cylinder.

Moreover, Thucydides developed a historical topic more in keeping with the Greek lifestyle-the polis or city-state-whereas the interplay of civilizations was more relevant to Asiatic Greeks ( such as Herodotus himself ), for whom life under foreign rule was a recent memory.

As was the case elsewhere, the ancient Greeks developed a humoral medicine system where treatment sought to restore the balance of humours within the body.

First developed by the ancient Greeks, it was an approach to education that he felt the rest of the world had forgotten and to whose revival he was to dedicate the rest of his life.

The art of public speaking was first developed by the ancient Greeks.

Both Livy ( in Latin, living in Augustus ' time ) and Plutarch ( in Greek, a century later ), described how Rome had developed its legislation, notably the transition from a kingdom to a republic, by following the example of the Greeks.

* Armillary spheres, models of objects in the sky developed by the Greeks, are in use as teaching tools.

Adding vowels to the alphabet and dropping some consonants, the Greeks developed a script which included only what we know of as capital Greek letters.

Uncials were rounded capitals ( majuscules ) that originally were developed by the Greeks in the third century BC, but became popular in Latin manuscripts by the fourth century AD.

Gobineau's basic concept, as further refined and developed in Nazism, places the black Aboriginal Australians and " African savages " at the bottom of the hierarchy, while the white Northern and Western European Aryans ( consisting of Germans, Finnish, Swedish, Icelanders, Norwegians, Danish, British, French, Northern Italians, Irish and Dutch ) were at the top ; white olive-skinned Southern Europeans ( consisting of the Spanish, Southern Italians, Greeks and Portuguese, i. e. those of what is called the Mediterranean race, which was regarded as another subrace of the Caucasian race ) in the upper middle ranks ; Slavs ( Even though the Slavs are white and of Indo-European ancestry, the Nazis placed them lower on the scale because they were regarded as primarily of the Alpine race rather than the Nordic race, and thus fit only to be peasants.

While the practice of mathematics previously developed in other civilizations, the special interests for its theoretical and foundational aspects really started with Ancient Greeks.

Armillary spheres were developed by the Greeks and were used as teaching tools already in the 3rd century BCE.

Both names are exonyms developed by the Greeks.

He says that Philo agreed to represent the Alexandrian Jews in regard to civil disorder that had developed between the Jews and the Greeks in Alexandria ( Egypt ).

As was the case in other artistic and scientific fields, Arabs translated and developed Greek texts and works of music and mastered the musical theory of the Greeks ( i. e. Systema ametabolon, enharmonium, chromatikon, diatonon ).

Non-Western moral and religious philosophies, such as Confucianism, also incorporate ideas that may appear similar to those developed by the ancient Greeks.

There is some evidence of racetracks being developed in several ancient civilizations, but the most impressive ancient racetracks were certainly the hippodromes of the Ancient Greeks and the circuses of the Roman Empire.

First, some have objected to applying the name " mathematics " to subject matter that is not developed abstractly and logically, with proofs, as in the academic tradition descended from Hellenistic Greeks like Pythagoras, Euclid, and Archimedes and comparable traditions in China, Japan, and India.

" Both segments, peri-and-plous, were independently productive: the ancient Greek speaker understood the word in its literal sense ; however, it developed a few specialized meanings, one of which became a standard term in the ancient navigation of Phoenicians, Greeks, and Romans.

These conflicts may have arisen when the other Greeks felt there was no longer a justification for the Delian League, which had developed from the Spartan-led Hellenic League that defeated Xerxes ' invasion, as Persia was no longer a threat.

The advanced water and sewage systems developed by the Greeks and Romans quickly broke down and fell out of use after the fall of their empires.

In order to allay the distrust of airborne transport by Greeks, Onassis developed the " aviation days of ' 57 " scheme, providing short, free flights in a DC-3 to demonstrate the reliability of air travel.

Ussher's chronology represented a considerable feat of scholarship: it demanded great depth of learning in what was then known of ancient history, including the rise of the Persians, Greeks and Romans, as well as expertise in the Bible, biblical languages, astronomy, ancient calendars and chronology, Ussher's account of historical events for which he had multiple sources other than the Bible is usually in close agreement with modern accounts – for example, he placed the death of Alexander in 323 BC and that of Julius Caesar in 44 BC.

The Greeks further declared him the inventor of astronomy, astrology, the science of numbers, mathematics, geometry, land surveying, medicine, botany, theology, civilized government, the alphabet, reading, writing, and oratory.

It is notable that, unlike the Babylonians, Greeks, and Indians, the pre-Islamic Arabs had no scientific astronomy.

He also used He Chengtian's interpolation method for approximating irrational number with fraction in his astronomy and mathematical works, he obtained as a good fraction approximate for pi ; Yoshio Mikami commented that neither the Greeks, nor the Hindus nor Arabs knew about this fraction approximation to pi, not until the Dutch mathematician Adrian Anthoniszoom rediscovered it in 1585, " the Chinese had therefore been possessed of this the most extraordinary of all fractional values over a whole millennium earlier than Europe " Along with his son, Zu Geng, Zu Chongzhi used the Cavalieri Method to find an accurate solution for calculating the volume of the sphere.

The shift in meaning for " mathema " is likely a result of the rapid categorization during the time of Plato and Aristotle of their " mathemata " in terms of education: arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and music ( the Quadrivium ), which the Greeks found to create a " natural grouping " of mathematical ( in our modern usage ; " doctrina mathematica " for theirs ) precepts.

There is an ancient and venerable tradition in the church ( which derives, however, from the heritage of the Greeks rather than from the Bible ) that God is completely independent of his creation and so has no need of men for accomplishing his work in the world.

However, while Apollo has a great number of appellations in Greek myth, only a few occur in Latin literature, chief among them Phoebus ( ; Φοίβος, Phoibos, literally " radiant "), which was very commonly used by both the Greeks and Romans in Apollo's role as the god of light.

For the Greeks, Apollo was all the Gods in one and through the centuries he acquired different functions which could originate from different gods.

Just as in the arts the Greeks sought some reality behind appearances, so in mathematics they sought permanent principles which could be applied wherever the conditions were the same.

The Greeks took letters which did not represent sounds that existed in Greek, and changed them to represent the vowels.

The vowels are significant in the Greek language, and the syllabical Linear B script which was used by the Mycenaean Greeks from the 16th century BC had 87 symbols including 5 vowels.

The ancient Greeks used baskets of stones, large sacks filled with sand, and wooden logs filled with lead, which, according to Apollonius Rhodius and Stephen of Byzantium, were formed of stone ; and Athenaeus states that they were sometimes made of wood.

It was in this reign that an important change in the government of the Danubian Principalities was introduced: previously, the Porte had appointed Hospodars, usually native Moldavian and Wallachian boyars, to administer those provinces ; after the Russian campaign of 1711, during which Peter the Great found an ally in Moldavia Prince Dimitrie Cantemir, the Porte began overtly deputizing Phanariote Greeks in that region, and extended the system to Wallachia after Prince Stefan Cantacuzino established links with Eugene of Savoy.

Greeks stop harvesting the plant ( which usually grows wild ) when it starts to bloom at the end of August.

During the post-Phoenician era of the eighth century a palace was erected and a port was also constructed, which served the trade with the Greeks and the Levantines.

Among Classical Greeks, amazon was given a popular etymology as from a-mazos, " without breast ", connected with an etiological tradition that Amazons had their left breast cut off or burnt out, so they would be able to use a bow more freely and throw spears without the physical limitation and obstruction ; there is no indication of such a practice in works of art, in which the Amazons are always represented with both breasts, although the left is frequently covered ( see photos in article ).

William ( with a fleet of 200 ships ) landed in Epirus with a strong force ( 80, 000 men including 5, 000 knights ), and marched as far as Thessalonica, which he took and pillaged ruthlessly ( 7, 000 Greeks died ).

Mycenae and Tiryns are the two principal sites on which evidence of a prehistoric civilization was remarked long ago by the classical Greeks.

Herodotus ( Histories iv. 189 ) thought he had identified the source of the ægis in Libya, which was always a distant territory of ancient magic for the Greeks:

Different cultures through history have depicted blindness in a variety of ways ; among the Greeks, for example, it was a punishment from the gods, for which the afflicted individual was often granted compensation in the form of artistic genius.

The name comes from Greek Bosporos ( Βόσπορος ), which the ancient Greeks analysed as bous ' ox ' + poros ' means of passing a river, ford, ferry ', thus meaning ' ox-ford ', which is a reference to Io ( mythology ) from Greek mythology who was transformed into a cow and condemned to wander the earth until she crossed the Bosphorus where she met Prometheus.

Josephus too relates that this was the name by which he was known to the Greeks, and the Midrashic text, Esther Rabba also makes the identification.

This was also applicable to Greece as a whole ; " their victory endowed the Greeks with a faith in their destiny that was to endure for three centuries, during which western culture was born ".

The Bulgarian unit that entered Thessaloniki turned out to be a 48, 000-strong division instead of the battalion, something which caused concern among the Greeks, who viewed it as a Bulgarian attempt to establish a condominium over the city.

By 30 July the Greek army was outnumbered by the counter-attacking Bulgarian army, which attempted to encircle the Greeks in a Cannae-type battle, by applying pressure on their flanks.

Starting with the pre colonial African empires which lead to the Egyptians, Phoenicians, Greeks and Romans who all built colonies in antiquity.

Among the Ancient Greeks, Heraclitus conceived of a logos, a supreme rational principle, and said the wisdom " by which all things are steered through all things " was " both willing and unwilling to be called Zeus ( God )".