In his book, The Gulag Archipelago, Soviet writer Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn described cases of cannibalism in 20th-century USSR.

In The Gulag Archipelago, Alexander Solzhenitsyn recalls that zeks in the labor camps used " old ' Chekist '" as " a mark of special esteem " for particularly experienced camp administrators.

Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, winner of the 1970 Nobel Prize in Literature, introduced the term to the Western world with the 1973 publication of his novel The Gulag Archipelago.

Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the formation of the Russian Federation, The Gulag Archipelago is included in the high school program in Russia as mandatory reading in 2009.

At one level, the Gulag Archipelago traces the history of the system of forced labour camps that existed in the Soviet Union from 1918 to 1956, starting with V. I.

The sheer volume of firsthand testimony and primary documentation that Solzhenitsyn managed to assemble in The Gulag Archipelago made all subsequent Soviet and KGB attempts to discredit the work useless.

With The Gulag Archipelago, Lenin's political and historical legacy became problematic, and the fractions of Western communist parties who still based their economic and political ideology on Lenin were left with a heavy burden of proof against them.

George F. Kennan, the influential U. S. diplomat, called The Gulag Archipelago, " the most powerful single indictment of a political regime ever to be levied in modern times.

Thus, he claims " The Gulag Archipelago spoke for a whole nation and was the voice of all those who suffered ".

After the KGB had confiscated Solzhenitsyn's materials in Moscow, during 1965-1967, the preparatory drafts of The Gulag Archipelago were turned into finished typescript in hiding at his friends ' homes in Estonia.

Finished in 1968, The Gulag Archipelago was microfilmed and smuggled out to Solzhenitsyn's main legal representative, Dr Kurt Heeb of Zürich, to await publication ( a later paper copy, also smuggled out, was signed by Heinrich Böll at the foot of each page to prove against possible accusations of a falsified work ).

On 12 December 2009, the Russian channel Rossiya K showed the French television documentary L ' Histoire Secrète de l ' Archipel du Goulag made by Jean Crépu and Nicolas Miletitch and translated into Russian under the title Taynaya Istoriya “ Arkhipelaga GULAG ” ( Secret History: The Gulag Archipelago ).

The documentary covers events related to creation and publication of The Gulag Archipelago.

* Secret History: The Gulag Archipelago ( online in Russian )

* Secret History: The Gulag Archipelago ( online in English )

* The Gulag Archipelago in original Russian, parts 1 and 2, parts 3 and 4, and parts 5, 6, and 7.

* The Gulag Archipelago in English, Volume 1, Volume 2 & Volume 3.

In the 20th century, suffering as a mechanism of evil was explored by authors such as Solzhenitsyn in The Gulag Archipelago.

Wrote The Gulag Archipelago and One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich.

# REDIRECTThe Gulag Archipelago

During the hour-long bus / subway / bus ride each way to and from the campaign office in western Toronto, he read a paperback edition of Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn's Gulag Archipelago which his mother had given to him.

At the 22nd party congress in February 1976, reeling from fallout caused by the publication of The Gulag Archipelago, the PCF abandoned the dictatorship of the proletariat and references to it ; it began to follow a line closer to that of the Italian Communist Party's eurocommunism.

Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn in his The Gulag Archipelago characterized the enormous scope of the article in this way:

The Gulag Archipelago: 1918-1956 by Aleksandr I. Solzhenitsyn

The Gulag () was the Soviet Union government agency that administered the main Soviet forced labor camp systems during the Stalin era, from the 1930s through the 1950s.

The word Gulag was not often used in Russian — either officially or colloquially ; the predominant terms were the camps () and the zone (), usually singular — for the labor camp system and for the individual camps.

The Gulag is recognized as a major instrument of political repression in the Soviet Union.

Some scholars concur with this view, whereas others argue that the Gulag was neither as large nor as deadly as it is often presented, and it did not have death camps, although during some periods of its history, mortality was high in the labor camps.

The term's contemporary usage is notably unrelated to the USSR, such as in the expression “ North Korea's Gulag ” for camps operational still today.

From a social class perspective, the Gulag is an offspring of the working class which became a leading class of society after the October Revolution.

The legal base and the guidance for the creation of the system of " corrective labor camps " (), the backbone of what is commonly referred to as the " Gulag ", was a secret decree of Sovnarkom of July 11, 1929, about the use of penal labor that duplicated the corresponding appendix to the minutes of Politburo meeting of June 27, 1929.

Critics of the textbook note the lack of detail about historical events such as the Siege of Leningrad ( 1941 – 44 ), the Gulag forced-labour camps, the Russo – Finnish Winter War ( 1939 – 40 ), the First Chechen War ( 1994 – 96 ), and the Second Chechen War ( 1999 – 2000 ), as serious factual inaccuracies ; most egregious, the critics propose, is the absence of the Holocaust ( 1933 – 45 ), and the glorification of the rule of Josef Stalin ( 1922 – 53 ).

One such town is located near the former Gulag camp called Butugychag ( also called Lower Butugychag ).

The NKVD contained the regular, public police force of the USSR ( including traffic police, firefighting, border guards and archives ) but is better known for the activities of the Gulag and the Main Directorate for State Security ( GUGB ), which eventually became the Committee for State Security ( KGB ).

This is mostly done by the large human rights NGOs such as Amnesty International ( for instance when it called Guantanamo Bay a " Gulag "), or Human Rights Watch.

" When others pointed to Kirkpatrick, he said, " Your name is known in every cell in the Gulag ," because she had named Soviet political prisoners on the floor of the UN.

That is especially true for the millions of dead of this century, from the Armenians all the way to the victims of the Gulag Archipelago or the Cambodians who were and still are being murdered before all of our eyes-but who have still been dropped from the world's memory " In his " Postscript " of 21 April 1987, Fest wrote that in his view :" In its substance, the dispute was initiated by Ernst Nolte's question whether Hitler's monstrous will to annihilate the Jews, judging from its origin, came from early Viennese impressions or, what is more likely, from later Munich experiences, that is, whether Hitler was an originator or simply being reactive.

The Kolyma is known for its Gulag labour camps and gold mining, both of which have been extensively documented since Joseph Stalin era Soviet archives opened.

But he does have a plea: " Some may say that the Gulag is a forgotten part of history and that we do not need to be reminded.

Avi Lewis is the great grandson of Moshe Losz ( Lewis ), an outspoken member of the Jewish Bund who left Svisloch, Poland ( today Belarus ), for Montreal in 1921, with his wife Rose ( née Lazarovitch ) and three children, after being interrogated by the Russians for days and threatened with death or the Gulag for his political activity.

In a 1985 song by Jan Krzysztof Kelus the name of the cigarettes is compared to Auschwitz Filters due to the fact that many thousands of Gulag prisoners had died during the construction of the Canal.

One of Memorial's main projects at the moment is the creation of the Virtual Gulag Museum, which will bring together research and archives from all over the ex-Soviet Union to commemorate and record the existence of the Gulag and the suffering of its victims.

* Sławomir Rawicz, the Gulag escapee, was a resident of Sandiacre until his death in 2004, and is buried in the local cemetery.

In the article he describes his life in the Soviet prison system and is shown in Israel looking at photos of the Gulag taken for the article.

Misha is next seen acting as a bodyguard for Rocky in the Gulag.

The soldier, along with many others, is sent to the Gulag by Joseph Stalin.