The regime broke off relations with Hanoi in December 1977, protesting Vietnam's alleged attempt to create an Indochina Federation.

The history of the communist movement in Cambodia can be divided into six phases: the emergence of the Indochinese Communist Party ( ICP ), whose members were almost exclusively Vietnamese, before World War II ; the 10-year struggle for independence from the French, when a separate Cambodian communist party, the Kampuchean ( or Khmer ) People's Revolutionary Party ( KPRP ), was established under Vietnamese auspices ; the period following the Second Party Congress of the KPRP in 1960, when Saloth Sar ( Pol Pot after 1976 ) and other future Khmer Rouge leaders gained control of its apparatus ; the revolutionary struggle from the initiation of the Khmer Rouge insurgency in 1967 – 68 to the fall of the Lon Nol government in April 1975 ; the Democratic Kampuchea regime, from April 1975 to January 1979 ; and the period following the Third Party Congress of the KPRP in January 1979, when Hanoi effectively assumed control over Cambodia's government and communist party.

The group's formation was announced by Radio Hanoi and its ten point manifesto called for, " overthrow the disguised colonial regime of the imperialists and the dictatorial administration, and to form a national and democratic coalition administration.

Her outspokenness led the Hanoi regime to refuse to allow her into the country late in 2004 when she applied for an entry visa to meet with dissidents.

The 1954 Geneva Conference left Vietnam a divided nation, with Hồ Chí Minh's communist government ruling the North from Hanoi and Ngô Đình Diệm's regime, supported by the United States, ruling the South from Saigon ( later Hồ Chí Minh City ).

The history of the communist movement in Cambodia can be divided into six phases: the emergence of the Indochinese Communist Party ( ICP ), whose members were almost exclusively Vietnamese, before World War II ; the ten-year struggle for independence from the French, when a separate Cambodian communist party, the Kampuchean ( or Khmer ) People's Revolutionary Party ( KPRP ), was established under Vietnamese auspices ; the period following the Second Party Congress of the KPRP in 1960, when Saloth Sar ( Pol Pot after 1976 ) and other future Khmer Rouge leaders gained control of its apparatus ; the revolutionary struggle from the initiation of the Khmer Rouge insurgency in 1967-68 to the fall of the Lon Nol government in April 1975 ; the Democratic Kampuchea regime, from April 1975 to January 1979 ; and the period following the Third Party Congress of the KPRP in January 1979, when Hanoi effectively assumed control over Cambodia's government and communist party.

Initially, the Nationalists maintained contact with the outside world through the port of Hanoi in French Indo-China, but the Japanese put pressure on the new pro-Vichy regime there to cut off relations with them in 1940 – 41.

The communist line, broadcast by Radio Hanoi, was that the new regime was merely " another puppet regime.

After the Vietnam War was over, some groups in South Vietnam refused to accept the Hanoi regime as the legitimate government of Vietnam.

The South Vietnamese crews and personnel on the island posed as members of a dissident northern communist group known as the Sacred Sword of the Patriot League ( SSPL ), which opposed the takeover of the Hanoi regime by politicians who supported the People's Republic of China ( PRC ).

* 1945 – August Revolution: Viet Minh led by Ho Chi Minh take power in Hanoi, Vietnam.

While attending the 17th ICMI Study conference in Hanoi, Papert ( 78 ) was struck by a motorcycle while crossing a road near his hotel on Tuesday December 5, 2006.

On December 16, 2006 he was transferred by the highly specialized, ICU equipped, Swiss Air Ambulance Bombardier Challenger Jet http :// www. rega. ch /, reportedly made possible and organized in a bold and daring action by the Swiss banker, Pascal Najadi, who was able to convince the REGA Flight Operations over the phone from Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, ( perhaps because he was an active patron of the REGA Swiss Air Ambulance ) to swiftly approve the decision to fly without any payment guarantees and assemble at highest possible speed within 48 hours the necessary flight plan, specialized doctors, logistics and Vietnam airspace ( Northern Sector ) entry clearances for the Jet to take off from Zurich HQ, via Lahore to Hanoi, then to proceed with the critical patient in full ICU care of specialized Swiss Doctors and immediate family on board, via Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky and Edmonton to Boston, Massachusetts, where the plane was met by US Customs ( thanks to the help of Senator John Kerry ).

The land and sea boundary with China, delineated under the France-China treaties of 1887 and 1895, is " the frontier line " accepted by Hanoi that China agreed in 1957-58 to respect.

Beirut was soon besieged and bombarded by the IDF ; Arafat declared the city to be the " Hanoi and Stalingrad of the Israeli army.

** Vietnam War – Nguyen Hue Offensive: Prompted by the North Vietnamese offensive, the United States resumes bombing of Hanoi and Haiphong.

* December 21 – Francis Garnier is attacked outside Hanoi by Black Flag mercenaries fighting for the Vietnamese.

The Hanoi area formerly held by the Han and Jin dynasties was easily recovered from the local ruler in 602.

* A merchant from the Roman Empire called " Qin Lun " by the Chinese, arrives in Jiaozhi ( modern Hanoi ) and is taken to see Sun Quan, king of Eastern Wu, who requests him to make a report on his native country and people.

French settlers further added their influence on the colony by constructing buildings in the form of Beaux-Arts and added French-influenced landmarks such as the Hanoi Opera House and Saigon Notre-Dame Basilica.

Six months later, he was taken to meet Hồ in Hanoi, but refused to join the Việt Minh, assailing Hồ for the death of his brother, Khôi, who was reportedly buried alive by Việt Minh cadres.

Diệm had only expected 10, 000 refugees, but by August, there were over 200, 000 waiting in Hanoi and Haiphong to be evacuated ; the migration helped to strengthen Diệm's political base of support.

Domestically, all provincial exchanges are digitalized and connected to Hanoi, Da Nang and Ho Chi Minh City by fiber optic cable or microwave radio relay networks.

Since 1997 Vietnam has been connected by two gateways: one in Hanoi which connects with Hong Kong and Australia, and the other in Ho Chi Minh City, which connects with the United States by Sprint.

The Vietnamese railway network has a total length of, dominated by the single track North-South Railway running between Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City.

The Tower of Hanoi is also used as a test by neuropsychologists trying to evaluate frontal lobe deficits.

After World War II, the Vietminh, led by Ho Chi Minh, proclaimed the establishment of a Communist nation in Hanoi.

Before World War II, the southern third of Vietnam was the colony of Cochinchina, which was administered as part of French Indochina by a governor in Hanoi.

The columnist Joseph Kraft, who was also touring North Vietnam, said he believed the damage to the dikes was incidental and was being used as propaganda by Hanoi, and if the U. S. Air Force were " truly going after the dikes, it would do so in a methodical, not a harum-scarum way ".

Bảo Đại was appointed " supreme advisor " to Hồ's Democratic Republic of Vietnam in Hanoi, which asserted its independence on 2 September 1945, but was ousted by the French in November 1946.

Numerous statements issued by communist leaders in the 1980s and 1990s confirm that southern communist forces were strictly under the authority of Hanoi.

According to the memoirs of Trần Văn Trà, the Viet Cong's top commander and PRG defense minister, he followed orders issued by the " Military Commission of the Party Central Committee " in Hanoi, which in turn implemented resolutions of the Politburo.

* 1075 – 1077: the Song Dynasty of China and the Lý Dynasty of Vietnam fight a border war, with Vietnamese forces striking first on land and with their navy, and afterwards Song armies advancing as far as modern-day Hanoi, the capital, but withdraw after Lý makes peace overtures ; in 1082, both sides exchange the territories that they had captured during the war, and later a border agreement is reached.

** A peace delegation that includes singer-activist Joan Baez and human rights attorney Telford Taylor visit Hanoi to deliver Christmas mail to American prisoners of war ( they will be caught in the Christmas bombing of North Vietnam ).

" Fonda said she had no regrets about the broadcasts she made on Radio Hanoi, something she asked the North Vietnamese to do: " Our government was lying to us and men were dying because of it, and I felt I had to do anything that I could to expose the lies and help end the war.

During the war, communists and anti-war spokesmen insisted the Viet Cong was an insurgency indigenous to the South, while the U. S. and South Vietnamese governments portrayed the group as a tool of Hanoi.

The relationship between the Viet Cong and the Hanoi government was highly controversial during the war.

The civil war between the Lê / Trịnh and Mạc dynasties ended in 1592, when the army of Trịnh Tùng conquered Hanoi and executed king Mạc Mậu Hợp.

Nguyễn Ánh finally won the war in 1802, when he sieged Thăng Long ( Hanoi ) and executed Nguyễn Huệ's son, Nguyễn Quang Toản, along with many Tây Sơn generals and officials.

Washington also continued to enforce the trade embargo imposed on Hanoi at the conclusion of the war in 1975.

Zinn questioned the justifications for military operations that inflicted massive civilian casualties during the Allied bombing of cities such as Dresden, Royan, Tokyo, and Hiroshima and Nagasaki in World War II, Hanoi during the War in Vietnam, and Baghdad during the war in Iraq and the civilian casualties during bombings in Afghanistan during the current and nearly decade-old war there.

The Hỏa Lò Prison, was a prison used by the French colonists in Vietnam for political prisoners, and later by North Vietnam for prisoners of war during the Vietnam War when it was sarcastically known to American prisoners of war as the " Hanoi Hilton ".

Shortly after the war, ex-POW Mike McGrath annotated this detailed map of Hanoi to show the location of prisons.

After the war, Risner wrote the book Passing of the Night detailing his 7 years at the Hanoi Hilton.

* The Hanoi Hilton ( film ) ( 1987 ), a Vietnam War film which focuses on the experiences of American prisoners of war who were held in the Hanoi Hilton

* John A. Dramesi, former prisoner of war who had been held by the Viet Cong in the Hanoi Hilton.

* Imagery from the hanging scene of Jane Fonda was used in spoofs advocating her execution for treason following her 1972 visit to Hanoi to support the communist Vietnamese in their war against the United States ( after which she has been dubbed " Hanoi Jane ").

In September 1972 he accompanied a group of U. S. peace activists, including William Sloane Coffin and David Dellinger, to Hanoi, North Vietnam to bring three prisoners of war back to the United States.

Cambodian neutrality in the war no longer existed, and China, preoccupied with its Cultural Revolution, did not intercede with Hanoi.

The intensive bombing of Hanoi and Haiphong during 11 days in December 1972, known as " LINEBACKER II ", was but one highlight of those war years.

The use of large numbers of B-52s was unprecedented in the war and the proposed large-scale attacks on targets within of Hanoi " represented a dynamic change in the employment of air resources.

Geneviève de Galard ( born 13 April 1925 ) is a French nurse who was dubbed l ' ange de Dien Bien Phu (" the Angel of Dien Bien Phu ") during the French war in Indochina by the press in Hanoi, although in the camp she was known simply as Geneviève.