From the Latin pax, meaning " freedom from civil disorder ," the English word came into use in various personal greetings from c. 1300 as a translation of the Hebrew shalom.

The Hebrew name of Solomon, Shlomo, can also be inflected to mean the constructed form of the noun shalom, peace, which through noun declension can be possessive.

The name Salem is derived from the semitic words ( Arabic salam and Hebrew shalom ) for peace.

Shalom () ( Sephardic Hebrew / Israeli Hebrew: shalom ; Ashkenazi Hebrew / Yiddish: sholom, sholem, shoilem, shulem ) is a Hebrew word meaning peace, completeness, and welfare and can be used idiomatically to mean both hello and goodbye.

The Hebrew term shalom is roughly translated to other languages as peace ( i. e. paz and Pr., paix, pace ), from the Latin pax.

The word shalom is used in a variety of expressions and contexts in Hebrew speech and writing:

: The webbing together of God, humans, and all creation in justice, fulfillment, and delight is what the Hebrew prophets call shalom.

His parents gave him the Hebrew name " Sholem ", a Yiddish derivation of the Hebrew word shalom, which means peace, because he was born on Armistice Day.

The word is mostly used as " goodbye " or " bye " in English, but in modern Italian and in other languages it may mean " hello " or " goodbye ", similar to the word shalom in Hebrew, salam in Arabic, or aloha in Hawaiian.

In contemporary Italian usage, ciao is interchangeable for both an informal hello and goodbye, much like aloha in Hawaiian, salam in Arabic, shalom in Hebrew or annyeong in Korean.

The source of the peace greeting is probably from the common Hebrew greeting shalom ; and the greeting " Peace be with you " is similarly a translation of the Hebrew shalom aleichem.

File: Vintage Manitoba license plate with " Shalom " in English and Hebrew. jpg | A vintage Manitoba license plate with shalom written at the bottom in both English and Hebrew

The word " peace " comes from the Greek word eirene, the Greek equivalent for the Hebrew word shalom, which expresses the idea of wholeness, completeness, or tranquility in the soul that is unaffected by the outward circumstances or pressures.

These vowelless alphabets are called abjads, currently exemplified in scripts including Arabic, Hebrew, and Syriac.

The Arabic alphabet, Hebrew alphabet, Syriac alphabet, and other abjads of the Middle East are developments of the Aramaic alphabet, but because these writing systems are largely consonant-based they are often not considered true alphabets.

Alphabets: < span style =" background-color: lightblue ; color: white ;"> Armenian alphabet | Armenian </ span >, < span style =" background-color :# 008080 ; color: white ;"> Cyrillic | < font color =" white "> Cyrillic </ font color > </ span >, < span style =" background-color: brown ; color: white ;"> Georgian alphabet | < font color =" white "> Georgian </ font color > </ span >, < span style =" background-color :# 0000FF ; color: white ;"> Greek alphabet | < font color =" white "> Greek </ font color > </ span >, < span style =" background-color :# AAAAAA ; color: black ;"> Latin script | Latin </ span >, < span style =" background-color :# CCFF99 ; color: black ;"> Latin ( and Arabic script | Arabic ) </ span >, < span style =" background-color: cyan ; color: black ;"> Latin and Cyrillic </ span > Abjads: Arabic script | < span style =" background-color: green ; color: white ;"> Arabic </ span >, < span style =" background-color :# 00ff7f ; color: black ;"> Hebrew alphabet | Hebrew </ span > Abugidas: < span style =" background-color :# FFC000 ; color: black ;"> Indic scripts | North Indic </ span >, < span style =" background-color: orange ; color: black ;"> Indic scripts | South Indic </ span >, < span style =" background-color :# 66FF00 ; color: white ;"> Ge ' ez script | Ge ' ez </ span >, < span style =" background-color: olive ; color: white ;"> < font color =" white "> Tāna </ font > </ span >, < span style =" background-color :# FFFF80 ; color: black ;"> Canadian Aboriginal syllabics | Canadian Syllabic and Latin </ span > Logographic + syllabic: < span style =" background-color: red ; color: white ;"> Pure logographic </ span >, < span style =" background-color :# DC143C ; color: white ;"> Mixed logographic and syllabaries </ span >, < span style =" background-color :# FF00FF ; color: black ;"> Featural-alphabetic syllabary + limited logographic </ span >, < span style =" background-color :# 800080 ; color: white ;"> Featural-alphabetic syllabary </ span >

The earliest known alphabet in the wider sense is the Wadi el-Hol script, believed to be an abjad, which through its successor Phoenician is the ancestor of modern alphabets, including Arabic, Greek, Latin ( via the Old Italic alphabet ), Cyrillic ( via the Greek alphabet ) and Hebrew ( via Aramaic ).

Examples of present-day abjads are the Arabic and Hebrew scripts ; true alphabets include Latin, Cyrillic, and Korean hangul ; and abugidas are used to write Tigrinya, Amharic, Hindi, and Thai.

The Phoenician letter names, in which each letter was associated with a word that begins with that sound, continue to be used to varying degrees in Samaritan, Aramaic, Syriac, Hebrew, Greek and Arabic.

The ordering () of Arabic letters used to match that of the older Hebrew, Phoenician and Semitic alphabets ; ( read from right to left: ) or.

Abjads differ from abugidas, another category invented by Daniels, in that in abjads, the vowel sound is implied by phonology, and where vowel marks exist for the system, such as nikkud for Hebrew and harakāt for Arabic, their use is optional and not the dominant ( or literate ) form.

However, most modern abjads, such as Arabic, Hebrew, Aramaic and Avestan, are " impure " abjads, that is, they also contain symbols for some of the vowel phonemes.

English, French, German, Italian, Japanese, Hebrew, Arabic, Portuguese, and Russian speakers may use the term American to refer to either inhabitants of the Americas or to U. S. nationals.

He was a cultivated patron of literature and art, and it was in his time that the first printing press authorized to use the Arabic or Turkish languages was set up in Constantinople, operated by Ibrahim Muteferrika ( while the printing press had been introduced to Constantinople in 1480, all works published before 1729 were in Greek, Armenian, or Hebrew ).

It was named for its original capital, the ancient city of Assur ( Akkadian: ; Aramaic: ; Hebrew: ; Arabic: ).

Its use is documented at least as far back as the 14th century when a law passed in Huesca in 1349 stated that Item nuyl corridor nonsia usado que faga mercadería ninguna que compre nin venda entre ningunas personas, faulando en algaravia nin en abraych nin en basquenç: et qui lo fara pague por coto XXX sol — essentially penalizing the use of Arabic, Hebrew or Vascuence ( Basque ) with a fine of 30 sols.

" William F. Albright notes the pronunciation of the name remained essentially the same for 3, 500 years, but has meant different things: "' Temple of the God Lakhmu ' in Canaanite, ' House of Bread ' in Hebrew and Aramaic, ' House of Flesh ' in Arabic.

Some writing systems of the world, notably the Arabic and Hebrew scripts, and derived systems such as the Urdu, Persian, Yiddish, Jawi, and Ladino scripts, are written in a form known as right-to-left ( RTL ), in which writing begins at the right-hand side of a page and concludes at the left-hand side.

Adding new character sets and character encodings enabled a number of other left-to-right scripts to be supported, but did not easily support right-to-left scripts such as Arabic or Hebrew, and mixing the two was not practical.

The English " cumin " derives from the Old English cymen ( or Old French cumin ), from Latin cuminum, which is the latinisation of the Greek κύμινον ( kuminon ), cognate with Hebrew כמון ( kammon ) and Arabic كمون ( kammun ).

# Semitic languages ( Hebrew, Arabic, Aramaic, Amharic, etc.

The languages that are most spoken in the world today belong to the Indo-European family, which includes languages such as English, Spanish, Portuguese, Russian and Hindi ; the Sino-Tibetan languages, which include Mandarin Chinese, Cantonese and many others ; Semitic languages, which include Arabic, Amharic and Hebrew ; and the Bantu languages, which include Swahili, Zulu, Shona and hundreds of other languages spoken throughout Africa.

At the age of fourteen Young had learned Greek and Latin and was acquainted with French, Italian, Hebrew, German, Chaldean, Syriac, Samaritan, Arabic, Persian, Turkish and Amharic.

By 20 he could also speak Latin, Greek, Hebrew, Amharic, Sanskrit, Avestan, Pahlavi, Arabic, Syriac, Chaldean, Persian and Ge ' ez in addition to his native French.

" Similar cases may be found in other Semitic languages such as Hebrew, Syriac, Aramaic, Maltese language and to a lesser extent Amharic.

The songs are sung in a combination of Hebrew and Amharic.

Classical Arabic is one of the Semitic languages, and therefore has many similarities in conjugation and pronunciation to Hebrew, Akkadian, Aramaic, and Amharic.

In Hebrew the book is called Divrei Hayyamim ( i. e. " the matters the days "), based on the phrases sefer divrei ha-yamim le-malkhei Yehudah and " sefer divrei ha-yamim le-malkhei Israel " (" book of the days of the kings of Judah " and " book of the days of the kings of Israel "), both of which appear repeatedly in the Books of Kings.

The Book of Esther is a book in the Ketuvim (" writings "), the third section of the Jewish Tanakh ( the Hebrew Bible ) and is part of the Christian Old Testament.

The original Hebrew title of the book of Proverbs is " Míshlê Shlomoh " (" Proverbs of Solomon ").

What began with rules (" canons ") adopted by the Apostles at the Council of Jerusalem in the first century has developed into a highly complex legal system encapsulating not just norms of the New Testament, but some elements of the Hebrew ( Old Testament ), Roman, Visigothic, Saxon, and Celtic legal traditions.

The word Dogziyin (" Druzes ") occurs in an early Hebrew edition of his travels, but it is clear that this is a scribal error.

This statement was likely picked up by the author of the Estoire Merlin, or Vulgate Merlin, where the author ( who was fond of fanciful folk etymologies ) asserts that Escalibor " is a Hebrew name which means in French ' cuts iron, steel, and wood '" (" c ' est non Ebrieu qui dist en franchois trenche fer & achier et fust "; note that the word for " steel " here, achier, also means " blade " or " sword " and comes from medieval Latin aciarium, a derivative of acies " sharp ", so there is no direct connection with Latin chalybs in this etymology ).

Hoschander alternatively suggested Ishtar-udda-sha (" Ishtar is her light ") as the origin with the possibility of-udda-sha being connected with the similarly sounding Hebrew name Hadassah.

In view of the meaning of the Hebrew root (" gather, assemble, convene ") one might opt for the translation " Speaker ".

In medieval Hebrew ( e. g. Sefer Yosippon ) Hassidim (" the pious ones ") replaces " Essenes ".

The word may derive from the word " jabber " (" to talk nonsense "), with the "- ish " suffix to signify a language ; alternatively, the term gibberish may derive from the eclectic mix of English, Spanish, Hebrew, Hindi and Arabic spoken in the British territory of Gibraltar ( from Arabic Gabal-Tariq, meaning Mountain of Tariq ), which is unintelligible to non-natives.

The best-known example of Gematria is the Hebrew word Chai (" life "), which is composed of two letters which ( using the assignments in the Mispar gadol table shown below ) add up to 18.

(" Faith " in the context of Genesis and the Hebrew bible means agreement to the promissory relationship, not a body of belief ).

In Hebrew there are two common ways of writing the year number: with the thousands, called (" major era "), and without the thousands, called (" minor era ").

According to the Talmud ( Tractate Makot ), there are 613 mitzvot (" commandments ") in the Torah ; in Hebrew these are known as the Taryag mitzvot תרי " ג מצוות.

The generic Hebrew word for any kind of sin is aveira (" transgression ").

The Karaites (" Scripturalists ") accept only the Hebrew Bible and what they view as the Peshat (" simple " meaning ); they do not accept non-biblical writings as authoritative.

It promotes the concept there is a shared intersection of values based on the Hebrew Bible (" Torah "), brought into our culture by the founding generations of Biblically oriented Protestants, that is fundamental to American history, cultural identity, and institutions.

" The differing interpretations depend on whether the Hebrew word ha-gadol (" the elder ") is taken as grammatically referring to Japheth, or Shem.

The Mourners ', Rabbis ' and Complete Kaddish end with a supplication for peace (" Oseh Shalom ..."), which is in Hebrew, and is somewhat similar to the Bible.

For example, in the Hebrew construct-state form bēt, meaning " the house of ", the middle letter " י " in the spelling בית acts as a vowel, whereas in the corresponding absolute-state form bayit (" house "), which is spelled the same, the same letter represents a genuine consonant.

The phenomenon is not limited to English, with examples cited by Fyodor Dostoyevsky, in the Hebrew song Háva Nagíla (" Let's Be Happy "), and in Bollywood movies.

Shmura (" guarded ") matzah ( Hebrew מ ַ צ ָּ ה ש ְׁ מו ּ ר ָ ה maṣṣā šəmūrā ) is made from grain that has been under special supervision from the time it was harvested to ensure that no fermentation has occurred, and that it is suitable for eating on the first night of Passover.