The Cenozoic is divided into three periods: The Paleogene, Neogene, and Quaternary ; and seven epochs: The Paleocene, Eocene, Oligocene, Miocene, Pliocene, Pleistocene, and Holocene.

When South America became attached to North America creating the Isthmus of Panama, the Arctic region cooled due to the strengthening of the Humboldt and Gulf Stream currents, eventually leading to the glaciations of the Pleistocene ice age, the current interglacial of which is the Holocene Epoch.

Others state that tropical rainforest deforestation is contributing to the ongoing Holocene mass extinction.

Diego Garcia is the above-water rim of a coral atoll composed of Holocene coral rubble and sand to the depth of about 36 metres ( 120 ft ), overlaying Pleistocene limestone deposited at the then-sea level on top of a seamount rising approximately 1, 800 metres ( 6, 000 ft ) from the floor of the Indian Ocean.

There is also evidence for strong El Niño events during the early Holocene epoch 10, 000 years ago.

At the young end of the scale, it is bracketed by the present day in the Holocene epoch.

The Holocene ( the latest epoch ) is too small to be shown clearly on this timeline.

The Holocene is part of the Quaternary period.

It is generally accepted that the Holocene started approximately 12, 000 years BP ( before present day ).

The Holocene warming is an interglacial period and there is no reason to believe that it represents a permanent end to the current ice age.

The 8. 2 ka event, an abrupt cold spell recorded as a negative excursion in the record lasting 400 years, is the most prominent climatic event occurring in the Holocene epoch, and may have marked a resurgence of ice cover.

The beginning of the Holocene corresponds with the beginning of the Mesolithic age in most of Europe ; but in regions such as the Middle East and Anatolia with a very early neolithisation, Epipaleolithic is preferred in place of Mesolithic.

The term Anthropocene is a term that is used by few scientists, and some commentators may refer to the current and projected future extinctions as part of a longer Holocene extinction.

The Holocene – Anthropocene boundary is contested, with some commentators asserting significant human influence on climate for much of what is normally regarded as the Holocene Epoch.

One recent find suggests what is now the Sahara of northeast Niger was home to a succession of Holocene era societies.

The Pleistocene Epoch follows the Pliocene Epoch and is followed by the Holocene epoch.

This is the 99th century in the Holocene calendar ; it spans the years 9, 901 to 10, 000.

One of the largest volcanic eruptions of the Holocene epoch is thought to have occurred ca.

The volcano is considered the most active in the Cascades within the Holocene epoch ( the last 10, 000 or so years ).

* A 2005 scholarly article about the geological changes around Sybaris, which reports evidence of subsidence and repeated alluvial deposition since Greek times, " Geology versus Myth: the Holocene Evolution of the Sybaris Plain " by Luigi Cucci

Microfossils are a common feature of the geological record, from the Precambrian to the Holocene.

First, many pieces of evidence used by the Tollmann bolide hypothesis to argue for catastrophic Holocene impacts can be just as well, in most cases even better, explained by more mundane geological processes.

The Flandrian interglacial or stage is the name given by geologists and archaeologists in the British Isles to the first, and so far only, stage of the Holocene epoch ( the present geological period ), covering the period from around 12, 000 years ago, at the end of the last glacial period to the present day.

The Holocene extinction refers to the extinction of species during the present Holocene epoch ( since around 10, 000 BC ).

Archaeologists have unearthed the remains of more than 20 successive settlements in Jericho, the first of which dates back 11, 000 years ( 9000 BCE ), almost to the very beginning of the Holocene epoch of the Earth's history.

They lived from the Pliocene epoch from around 5 million years ago, into the Holocene at about 4, 500 years ago.

An eruption in 1900 BCE was the largest known eruption from St. Helens during the Holocene epoch, judged by the volume of one of the tephra layers from that period.

It is one of the largest of the Holocene epoch

* January – One of the largest volcanic eruptions of the Holocene epoch occurs, possibly from a tropical location such as Mount Rinjani, Indonesia ; El Chichón, Mexico ; or Quilotoa, Ecuador.

Many large animals, or megafauna, including horses, camels, mammoths, mastodonts, ground sloths, sabre-tooth cats ( Smilodon ), the giant short-faced bear ( Arctodus simus ), and the cheetah, became extinct in North America at the end of the Pleistocene epoch ( ice ages ), at the same time the first evidence of humans appeared, in what is called the Holocene extinction event.

* Boreal ( period ), the first climatic phase of the Blytt-Sernander sequence of northern Europe, during the Holocene epoch

The 10th millennium BC marks the beginning of the Mesolithic and Epipaleolithic period, which is the first part of the Holocene epoch.

* The Holocene calendar, devised by Cesare Emiliani in 1993, places its epoch at 10, 000 BC ( with the year 2010 being rendered as 12010 HE ).

Most modern-day estuaries were formed during the Holocene epoch by the flooding of river-eroded or glacially scoured valleys when sea level began to rise about 10, 000-12, 000 years ago.

This is shown in the recent Holocene epoch by its migration southwards after the peak of the last ice age.

Fossils indicate that Lake Tai was dry land until the ingression of the East China Sea during the Holocene epoch.

During the Holocene epoch, Lake Manly filled the Death Valley basin of Inyo County, California.

The presence of humans in the Little Colorado River watershed dates back to the early Holocene epoch, in the last glacial period.

Indeed, many studies concentrate on the Holocene epoch ( the last 11, 000 years ), or the last glacial stage of the Pleistocene epoch ( the Wisconsin / Weichsel / Devensian / Würm glaciation of the ice age, from 50, 000 to 10, 000 years ago ).

During the Neolithic Revolution, which occurred during the early Holocene, there were at least two aurochs domestication events: one related to the Indian subspecies, leading to Zebu cattle ; the other one related to the Eurasian subspecies, leading to taurine cattle.

However, the current global warming may result in the Earth becoming warmer than the Eemian Stage, which peaked at roughly 125, 000 years ago and was warmer than the Holocene.

Many meteorite events which occurred in the Holocene have so far been found in Europe, in bodies of water such as the Indian Ocean and in Russia, near the remote region of Siberia.

The Mesolithic began with the Holocene warm period around 11, 660 BP and ended with the introduction of farming, the date of which varied in each geographical region.

The Neolithic followed the terminal Holocene Epipaleolithic period, beginning with the rise of farming, which produced the " Neolithic Revolution ", and ending when metal tools became widespread in the Copper Age ( chalcolithic ) or Bronze Age or developing directly into the Iron Age, depending on the geographical region.

The shallow basin that now underlies the Gulf was an extensive region of river valley and wetlands during the transition between the end of the Last Glacial Maximum and the start of the Holocene, which, according to University of Birmingham archaeologist Jeffrey Rose, served as an environmental refuge for early humans during periodic hyperarid climate oscillations, laying the foundations for the legend of Dilmun

Three major plinian eruptions, the most recent of which took place about 800 AD, have occurred from Popocatépetl since the mid Holocene, accompanied by pyroclastic flows and voluminous lahars that swept basins below the volcano.

During the Holocene glacial retreat the sand dunes, which had been deposited in their current location by the vast continental glaciers, were exposed and grasses eventually took over.

One of the largest Holocene eruptions in Iceland was the Hekla 3 ( or H < sub > 3 </ sub >) eruption of ( 950 BC ) ( 1159 BC ) which threw about 7. 3 km < sup > 3 </ sup > of volcanic rock into the atmosphere, placing its Volcanic Explosivity Index ( VEI ) at 5.

This is consistent with the lack of tiger fossils from the Indian subcontinent prior to the late Pleistocene and the absence of tigers from Sri Lanka, which was separated from the subcontinent by rising sea levels in the early Holocene.

The glaciation thus caused a breaking-off of the summer monsoon with all the global-climatic consequences, e. g. the pluvials in the Sahara, the expansion of the Thar desert, the heavier dust influx into the Arabian Sea etc., and also the downward shifting of the timber line and all forest-belts from the alpine-boreal forests as far down as to the semi-humid mediterranean forest which has replaced the Holocene monsoon-tropical forests on the Indian subcontinent.

They are one of two families of Caribbean soricomorphs ; it is uncertain whether the other family, Nesophontidae, which went extinct during the Holocene, was closely related to solenodons.

Stratigraphical palynology is a branch of micropalaeontology and paleobotany which studies fossil palynomorphs from the Precambrian to the Holocene.

Celtis reticulata is an example of a plant present in the early Holocene following Wisconsin glacial retreat, which species is no longer present at the Waterman Mountains site.

A plausible starting point of the Anthropocene could be at c. 2, 000 years ago, which roughly coincides with the start of the final phase of Holocene, the Subatlantic.

Belknap volcano is a Holocene example of the process which built the High Cascade Platform during the Pleistocene.

Paleovegetation maps illustrate a distinct lack of the dramatic changes in North American paleovegetation during the Holocene, which would be expected from the cataclysmic ecological and physical destruction that a continental-wide mega-tsunamis would have certainly have caused.

Such a signature has not been reported from the more than thousand cores from North America for which Holocene paleoclimatic and paleoenvironmental records have been reconstructed.

There is also debate around whether these islands are relict features which effectively stopped expanding two thousand years ago during the late Holocene or, as recent research suggests, they are currently still growing with significant new additions of reef sediments ( Woodroffe et al.

The field contains 600 volcanoes ranging in age from nearly 6 million years old to less than 1, 000 years ( Miocene to Holocene ), of which Sunset Crater is the youngest.