* 1981 – The IBM Personal Computer is released.

In the case of Software development, this moment is generally agreed to be the publication in the 1980s of the specifications for the IBM Personal Computer published by IBM employee Philip Don Estridge.

Compaq produced some of the first IBM PC compatible computers, being the first company to legally reverse-engineer IBM Personal Computer.

A single class-B element is rarely found in practice, though it has been used for driving the loudspeaker in the early IBM Personal Computers with beeps, and it can be used in RF power amplifier where the distortion levels are less important.

Industry Standard Architecture ( ISA ) is a computer bus standard for IBM PC compatible computers introduced with the IBM Personal Computer to support its Intel 8088 microprocessor's 8-bit external data bus and extended to 16 bits for the IBM Personal Computer / AT's Intel 80286 processor.

However, because of the success of the IBM Personal Computer, the term PC came to mean more specifically a microcomputer compatible with IBM's PC products.

Later models followed in the trend: for example, the PC / XT, IBM Portable Personal Computer, and PC AT are IBM machine types 5160, 5155, and 5170, respectively.

* PPDS, Personal Printer Data Stream by IBM

It was designed to be more powerful than the IBM Personal Computer, and comparable to Apple's Macintosh.

* Microsoft Windows operating systems become virtually ubiquitous on IBM Personal Computers.

* IBM Personal Computer / AT

# REDIRECT IBM Personal Computer

It initially ran on workstations from Sun Microsystems and Apollo Computers, but later ported its software to workstations made by Digital Equipment Corporation, HP, IBM and SGI, and later still, to the Apple Macintosh II and the IBM Personal Computer.

Compaq originally competed directly against IBM, manufacturing computer systems equivalent with the IBM PC, as well as Apple Computer.

In the 1990s, as IBM's own PC division declined, Compaq faced other IBM PC Compatible manufacturers like Dell Computer, Packard Bell, AST Research, and Gateway 2000.

Computer manufacturers that used these processors include Packard Bell, Compaq and IBM.

Few personal computers used the 80186, with some notable exceptions: the Australian Dulmont Magnum laptop, one of the first laptops ; the Wang Office Assistant, marketed as a PC-like stand-alone word processor ; the Mindset ; the Siemens PC-D ( not 100 % IBM PC-compatible but using MS-DOS 2. 11: de: Siemens PC-D ); the Compis ( a Swedish school computer ); the RM Nimbus ( a British school computer ); the Unisys ICON ( a Canadian school computer ); ORB Computer by ABS ; the HP 100LX, HP 200LX, HP 1000CX and HP OmniGo 700LX ; the Tandy 2000 desktop ( a somewhat PC-compatible workstation with sharp graphics for its day ); the Philips: YES ; the Nokia MikroMikko 2.

The TRS-80 Color Computer, IBM PCjr, MSX, and BBC Micro from Acorn Computers all contained a built-in relay for controlling an external tape recorder.

Founded in 1989 by eleven companies ( including Hewlett-Packard, IBM, Sun Microsystems, Apple Computer, American Airlines and Data General ), OMG's initial focus was to create a heterogeneous distributed object standard.

In 1980, after promising to deliver IBM a Disk Operating System ( DOS ) they had not yet developed for the Intel 8088-based IBM PC, Allen spearheaded a deal for Microsoft to purchase a Quick and Dirty Operating System ( QDOS ) written by Tim Paterson who, at the time, was employed at Seattle Computer Products.

These architectures range from the Intel / AMD 32-bit / 64-bit architectures commonly found in personal computers to the ARM architecture commonly found in embedded systems and the IBM eServer zSeries mainframes.

Some third party hard disks for IBM PCs were sold as kits including a controller card and replacement power supply, and some were integrated with their controller into a single expansion card, commonly called a " Hard Card ".

Although IBM no longer manufactures 3270 terminals the IBM 3270 protocol is still commonly used via terminal emulation to access some mainframe-based applications.

However, IBM researcher Charles Goldfarb is more commonly seen today as the " father " of markup languages.

Multiple Virtual Storage, more commonly called MVS, was the most commonly used operating system on the System / 370 and System / 390 IBM mainframe computers.

) This was chosen because the 11 / 780 was roughly equivalent in performance to an IBM System / 370 model 158-3, which was commonly accepted in the computing industry as running at 1 MIPS.

Waveform Audio File Format ( WAVE, or more commonly known as WAV due to its filename extension ), ( also, but rarely, named, Audio for Windows ) is a Microsoft and IBM audio file format standard for storing an audio bitstream on PCs.

They were also commonly added to higher-end models of Apple Macintosh and Commodore Amiga series, but unlike IBM PC-compatible systems, sockets for adding the coprocessor were not as common in lower end systems.

The IBM mainframe z / OS operating system / platform has arguably the most highly refined and evolved set of batch processing facilities owing to its origins, long history, and continuing evolution, and today such systems commonly support hundreds or even thousands of concurrent online and batch tasks within a single operating system image.

The term ' IBM PC compatible ' is not commonly used presently because all current mainstream computers are based on the PC architecture, and IBM no longer makes PCs.

Starting around the time of the introduction of the IBM PC-AT, serial ports were commonly built with a 9-pin connector to save cost and space.

This unit ( commonly called " 1620 " until the Model II was introduced ) was produced as inexpensively as IBM could make it, in order to keep the price low.

The IBM 1620 Model II ( commonly called simply the Model II ) was a vastly improved implementation, compared to the original Model I, of the IBM 1620 scientific computer architecture.

At first the system was deployed using RG-62 / U coax cable ( commonly used in IBM mainframe environments to connect 3270 terminals and controllers ), but later added support for twisted-pair and fibre media.

Lotus is most commonly known for the Lotus 1-2-3 spreadsheet application, the first feature-heavy, user-friendly, reliable and WYSIWYG-enabled product to become widely available in the early days of the IBM PC, when there was no graphical user interface.

DOS is a family of operating systems for x86-based computers, most commonly IBM PC-compatibles.

Proprietary code is thus more commonly forked when the owner needs to develop two or more versions, such as a windowed version and a command line version, or versions for differing operating systems, such as a word processor for IBM PC compatible machines and Macintosh computers.

* 1944 – IBM dedicates the first program-controlled calculator, the Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator ( known best as the Harvard Mark I ).

Among other variants, IBM later produced AIX Version 3 ( also known as AIX / 6000 ), based on System V Release 3, for their IBM POWER-based RS / 6000 platform.

AIX PS / 2 ( also known as AIX / 386 ) was developed by Locus Computing Corporation under contract to IBM.

In IBM PC compatible computers, the Basic Input / Output System ( BIOS ), also known as the system BIOS or ROM BIOS (), is a de facto standard defining a firmware interface.

" By 1972 when GE and RCA were no longer in the mainframe business, the remaining five companies behind IBM became known as the BUNCH, an acronym based on their initials.

Well known DBMSs include Oracle, IBM DB2, Microsoft SQL Server, Microsoft Access, PostgreSQL, MySQL, and SQLite.

: The best known family of operating systems named " DOS " is that running on IBM PCs type hardware using Intel x86 CPUs or their compatible cousins from other makers.

IBM also had their own DBMS system in 1968, known as IMS.

Codd's ideas were establishing themselves as both workable and superior to Codasyl, pushing IBM to develop a true production version of System R, known as SQL / DS, and, later, Database 2 ( DB2 ).

In 1994, a member of the original IBM DES team, Don Coppersmith, published a paper stating that differential cryptanalysis was known to IBM as early as 1974, and that defending against differential cryptanalysis had been a design goal.

Within IBM, differential cryptanalysis was known as the " T-attack " or " Tickle attack ".

Although Kildall preferred to leave the IBM affair in the past and to be known for his work before and afterward, he continually faced comparisons between himself and Bill Gates as well as fading memories of his contributions.

From 1952 into the late 1960s, IBM manufactured and marketed several large computer models, known as the IBM 700 / 7000 series.

The IBM 3270 is a class of block oriented terminals made by IBM originally introduced in 1972 ( known as " display devices ") normally used to communicate with IBM mainframes.

The term is typically used to describe a family of fairly well known tricks that can overload the analog electronics in the CRT monitors of computers lacking hardware sanity checking ( notable examples being the IBM Portable and Commodore PET.

In IBM mainframe environments such as OS / 360 this program is known as a linkage editor.

Pipelining as a basic technique was well known before ( see IBM 801 for instance ), but not developed into its full potential.