The ICJ delivered its judgment on 10 October 2002, finding ( based principally on the Anglo-German agreements ) that sovereignty over Bakassi did indeed rest with Cameroon.

In 1984, the Sandinista government filed a suit in the International Court of Justice ( ICJ ) against the United States ( Nicaragua v. United States ), which resulted in a 1986 judgment against the United States.

The U. S. blocked enforcement of the ICJ judgment by the United Nations Security Council and thereby prevented Nicaragua from obtaining any actual compensation.

The ICJ had found that evidence of a responsibility of the Nicaraguan government in this matter was insufficient.

The U. S. argument was affirmed, however, by the dissenting opinion of ICJ member U. S. Judge Schwebel, who concluded that in supporting the contras, the U. S. acted lawfully in collective self-defence in El Salvador's support.

Under the special agreement, also known as the compromise that was signed in December 2008 by Belize and Guatemala it was agreed that if the people of both nations approved, by way of a simultaneous referendum on the same day, that the dispute would proceed to the ICJ.

The mandatory nature of such resolutions was upheld by the International Court of Justice ( ICJ ) in its advisory opinion on Namibia.

Often enormously complicated matters, ICJ cases ( of which there have been less than 150 since the court was created from the Permanent Court of International Justice in 1945 ) can stretch on for years and generally involve thousands of pages of pleadings, evidence, and the world's leading specialist public international lawyers.

The Aouzou dispute was concluded for good on 3 February 1994, when the judges of the ICJ by a majority of 16 to 1 decided that the Aouzou Strip belonged to Chad.

The LaGrand case was a legal action heard before the International Court of Justice ( ICJ ) which concerned the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations.

The Arizona clemency board recommended a stay to the governor, on the basis of the pending ICJ case ; but the governor of Arizona ignored the recommendation and Walter LaGrand was executed on March 3, 1999.

In opposition to the German submissions, the United States argued that the Vienna Convention did not grant rights to individuals, only to states ; that the convention was meant to be exercised subject to the laws of each state party, which in the case of the United States meant subject to the doctrine of procedural default ; and that Germany was seeking to turn the ICJ into an international court of criminal appeal.

The U. S. refused to pay restitution and claimed that the ICJ was not competent to judge the case.

The Republic of Nicaragua v. The United States of America was a 1984 case of the International Court of Justice ( ICJ ) in which the ICJ ruled in favor of Nicaragua and against the United States and awarded reparations to Nicaragua.

The ICJ also clarified that the General Assembly was empowered to receive petitions from the inhabitants of South-West Africa and to call for reports from the mandatory nation, South Africa.

In 1971, acting on a request for an advisory opinion from the United Nations Security Council, the ICJ ruled that the continued presence of South Africa in Namibia was illegal and that South Africa was under an obligation to withdraw from Namibia immediately.

An arrest warrant was issued in 2000 under this law against the then Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Democratic Republic of the Congo was challenged before the International Court of Justice in the case entitled ICJ Arrest Warrant Case.

However as Larissa van den Herik has pointed out there is a gap in international law that encourages the use of the charge of genocide when other charges might be more appropriate " The only way for Bosnia to go to the ICJ was to allege genocide.

The Advisory Opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons was eventually handed down by the ICJ in 1996.

Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons was an advisory opinion delivered by the International Court of Justice ( ICJ ) on 8 July 1996.

The initial request for an advisory opinion by the ICJ was presented by the World Health Organization ( WHO ) on 3 September 1993, but the ICJ did not render an opinion on this request because the WHO was ultra vires, or acting outside its legal capacity.

Ex-CIA officer Philip Agee considered that the ICJ was " set up and controlled by the CIA for propaganda operations.

This was the direct result of an international conference on impunity, organised by the ICJ under the auspices of the United Nations in 1992, which adopted an appeal asking the Vienna conference to " set up an international penal tribunal … in order to finally break the cycle of impunity ".

He established a systematic legal aid service for all courts, set up the Australian Law Reform Commission ( and appointed Michael Kirby to be its inaugural chairman ), the Australian Institute of Criminology and took the French Government to the International Court of Justice ( ICJ ) to protest against its nuclear tests in the Pacific.

Delimitation of international boundaries in the vicinity of Lake Chad, the lack of which led to border incidents in the past, is complete and awaits ratification by Cameroon, Chad, Niger, and Nigeria ; dispute with Nigeria over land and maritime boundaries around the Bakasi Peninsula and Lake Chad is currently before the ICJ, as is a dispute with Equatorial Guinea over the exclusive maritime economic zone.

The ICJ held that the U. S. had violated international law by supporting the contras in their rebellion against the Nicaraguan government and by mining Nicaragua's harbors.

Regarding the alleged human rights violations by the contras, however, the ICJ took the view that the U. S. could only be held accountable for them if it would have been proven that the U. S. had effective control of the contra operations resulting in these alleged violations.

Nevertheless, the ICJ found that the U. S. encouraged acts contrary to general principles of humanitarian law by producing the manual Psychological Operations in Guerrilla Warfare ( Operaciones sicológicas en guerra de guerrillas ) and disseminating it to the contras.

The Honduras-El Salvador Border Protocol ratified by Honduras in May 1999 established a framework for a long-delayed border demarcation, which is currently underway ; with respect to the maritime boundary in the Golfo de Fonseca, the ICJ referred to the line determined by the 1900 Honduras-Nicaragua Mixed Boundary Commission and advised that some tripartite resolution among El Salvador, Honduras and Nicaragua likely would be required.

The outcome of any ruling handed down by the ICJ will be final and binding, regardless of in whose favor the ruling is handed down.

Many assume that the “ Mandate for Palestine ” is a Class “ A ” mandate, a common but inaccurate assertion that can be found in many dictionaries and encyclopedias, and is frequently used by the pro-Palestinian media and lately by the ICJ.

In the case the ICJ found that its own temporary court orders were legally binding and that the rights contained in the convention could not be denied by the application of domestic legal procedures.

Germany then modified its complaint in the case before the ICJ, alleging furthermore that the U. S. violated international law by failing to implement the provisional measures.

The ICJ held that the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations of 24 April 1963 ( Vienna Convention ) granted rights to individuals on the basis of its plain meaning, and that domestic laws could not limit the rights of the accused under the convention, but only specify the means by which those rights were to be exercised.

ICJ awarded Ligitan and Sipadan islands, also claimed by Indonesia and Philippines, to Malaysia but left the maritime boundary in the hydrocarbon-rich Celebes Sea in dispute, culminating in hostile confrontations in March 2005 over concessions to the Ambalat oil block.

Territorial disputes with Colombia over the Archipelago de San Andres y Providencia and Quita Sueno Bank ; with respect to the maritime boundary question in the Golfo de Fonseca, the ICJ referred to the line determined by the 1900 Honduras-Nicaragua Mixed Boundary Commission and advised that some tripartite resolution among El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua likely would be required ; maritime boundary dispute with Honduras in the Caribbean Sea ; Nicaragua is sovereign over the Rio San Juan, and by treaty Costa Rica has the right to navigate over part of the river with ' objects of commerce '.

Delimitation of international boundaries in the vicinity of Lake Chad, the lack of which led to border incidents in the past, has been completed and awaits ratification by Cameroon, Chad, Niger, and Nigeria ; dispute with Cameroon over land and maritime boundaries around the Bakasi Peninsula is currently before the ICJ ; maritime boundary dispute with Equatorial Guinea because of disputed jurisdiction over oil-rich areas in the Gulf of Guinea.

The ICJ held that the U. S. had violated international law by supporting the Contras in their rebellion against the Nicaraguan government and by mining Nicaragua's harbors.

The idea of universal jurisdiction is fundamental to the operation of global organizations such as the United Nations and the International Court of Justice ( ICJ ), which jointly assert the benefit of maintaining legal entities with jurisdiction over a wide range of matters of significance to states ( the ICJ should not be confused with the ICC and this version of " universal jurisdiction " is not the same as that enacted in the War Crimes Law ( Belgium ) which is an assertion of extraterritorial jurisdiction that will fail to gain implementation in any other state under the standard provisions of public policy ).

Under Article 34 Statute of the ICJ only states may be parties in cases before the Court and, under Article 36, the jurisdiction comprises all cases which the parties refer to it and all matters specially provided for in the Charter of the United Nations or in treaties and conventions in force.

On June 27, 2001, the ICJ, rejecting all of the United States ' arguments, ruled in favor of Germany.

The United States refused to participate in the proceedings after the Court rejected its argument that the ICJ lacked jurisdiction to hear the case.

The United Nations became involved after Morocco asked for an opinion on the legality of its demands from the International Court of Justice ( ICJ ), and the UN also sent a visiting mission to examine the wishes of the population.

** ICJ (" World Court ") established by the United Nations Charter.

The International Court of Justice ( ICJ ) advisory opinion in the 1949 " Reparations " case indicated that the United Nations Organization had both explicit and implied powers.

Machias Seal Island's ( and North Rock's ) sovereignty would likely not still be in question today if it were not for the decision by Canada and the United States to avoid settling this issue in their 1979 joint application to the International Court of Justice ( ICJ ) at The Hague in the Netherlands to have the maritime boundary delineated in the Gulf of Maine for fishing and mineral exploration purposes on Georges Bank.

The October 12, 1984, ICJ ruling, Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary in the Gulf of Maine Area ( Canada / United States of America ), has since highlighted a gap in the maritime boundary for several dozen kilometres between the current end of the International Boundary and the 1984 Gulf of Maine boundary starting point.

According to other records, as well as claims made within the ICJ, Colombia is recognised by the United States as having varying degrees of sovereignty over Serranilla Bank through the treaty of 1972, which took effect in September 1981.

The ICJ also initiated the drafting of the set of Principles for the Protection and Promotion of Human Rights through Action to Combat Impunity and the Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation for Victims of Violations of International Human Rights and Humanitarian Law, both under examination at the UN Human Rights Commission and also received the United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights in 1993.