* 711 – Islamic conquest of Hispania: Moorish troops led by Tariq ibn-Ziyad land at Gibraltar to begin their invasion of the Iberian Peninsula ( Al-Andalus ).

The monarchs oversaw the final stages of the Reconquista of Iberian territory from the Moors with the conquest of Granada, conquered the Canary Islands, and expelled the Jews and Muslims from Spain under the Alhambra decree.

The two kingdoms on the conquest and Iberian Peninsula competed with each other in opening of trade routes across the oceans.

* 1521 – Spanish forces defeat a combined French and Navarrese army at the Battle of Noáin during the Spanish conquest of Iberian Navarre.

With Lusitania ( and Asturia and Gallaecia ), Rome had completed the conquest of the Iberian peninsula, which was then divided by Augustus ( 25 – 20 BC or 16-13 BC ) into the eastern and northern Hispania Tarraconensis, the southwestern Hispania Baetica and the western Provincia Lusitana.

After their conquest of the Visigothic kingdom's Iberian territories, the Muslims crossed the Pyrenees and took control of Septimania in 719, the last province of the Visigothic kingdom to be occupied.

After the Islamic Moorish conquest of nearly all of the Iberian Peninsula in 711-718 and the establishment of the emirate of Al-Andalus, an Umayyad were expedition suffered a major defeat at the Battle of Toulouse and were halted for a while on their way north.

After the Umayyad conquest of the Iberian heartland of the Visigothic kingdom, the Muslims crossed the Pyrenees and peacefully took control of Septimania in 719.

Moreover, the ease with which the Reconquista in the Iberian Peninsula was directly and immediately continued by the exploits of conquistadors beyond the Atlantic clearly shows that for Spaniards at the time, conquest of non-Christian territory and its transformation into a Catholic, Spanish-speaking land were legitimate, whether or not a claim of prior possession of the land could be advanced.

* Summer – War of the League of Cambrai: Ferdinand II of Aragon sends Don Fadrique de Toledo to complete the Spanish conquest of Iberian Navarre.

* 718 or 722 – Battle of Covadonga, marking the start of the Reconquista by a Christian military force ( under Pelagius of Asturias ) of the Iberian Peninsula following the Umayyad conquest of Hispania in 711.

* 718 or 722 – Battle of Covadonga, marking the start of the Reconquista by a Christian military force ( under Pelagius of Asturias ) of the Iberian Peninsula following the Umayyad conquest of Hispania in 711.

* April 30 – Umayyad troops led by Tariq ibn Ziyad land at Gibraltar, and begin their invasion of the Iberian Peninsula and conquest of the Visigothic Kingdom ( See Moors, Al-Andalus, and Umayyad conquest of Hispania ).

In 711, the Moors, after the Umayyad conquest of Hispania, conquered large parts of the Iberian Peninsula, thus establishing Al-Andalus ( Moorish Spain ).

The Andalusian Moors of the late Medieval era inhabited the Iberian Peninsula after the Umayyad conquest of Hispania in the early 8th century.

The Asturias, a small northwestern Christian Iberian kingdom, initiated the Reconquista ( the " reconquest ") soon after the Islamic conquest in the 8th century.

The French word was derived from the Spanish embarazar, whose first recorded usage was in 1460 in Cancionero de Stúñiga ( Songbook of Stúñiga ) by Álvaro de Luna .< sup > 7 </ sup > The Spanish word likely comes from the Portuguese embaraçar, which probably is a combination of the prefix em-( from Latin in-for " in -") with baraça " a noose ", or " rope ", which makes sense with the synonym encinta (" on noose, on rope " because of the old usage of women to wear a strap of cloth on their dresses when pregnant ).< sup > 8 </ sup > Baraça originated before the Romans began their conquest of the Iberian Peninsula in 218 BCE .< sup > 9 </ sup > Thus, baraça could be related to the Celtic word barr, " tuft ".

In the progress of the Islamic conquest of the Iberian Peninsula, the main cities and administrative centers fell in the hands of Muslim troops.

The prophetic and millennialist visions of Beatus produced an enduring mark in the development of the Kingdom of Asturias: the Chronica Prophetica, which was composed circa 880 AD, predicted the final fall of the Emirate of Córdoba, and the conquest and redemption of the entire Iberian peninsula by king Alfonso III.

In eight years, by force of arms and diplomacy, he had secured an extensive territory in the Iberian Peninsula, but his death in battle prevents him from completing the conquest.

Berga derives its name from the Bergistani, an Iberian tribe that lived in the area before the Roman conquest.

Later migrations ( such as the Arab conquest and Viking, Magyar, Moorish, Turkic, and Mongol invasions ) also had significant effects ( especially in North Africa, the Iberian peninsula, Anatolia and Central and Eastern Europe ); however, they are outside the scope of the Migration Period.

The introduction of the rebab into Western Europe possibly coincided with the conquest of Spain by the Moors, in the Iberian Peninsula.

In 1086 Yusuf ibn Tashfin was invited by the taifa Muslim princes of the Iberian Peninsula ( Al-Andalus ) to defend their territories from Alfonso VI, King of León and Castile.

He was supported by the bulk of Iberian peoples, who were discontent with the heavy taxation imposed upon them by their spend-thrift rulers.

Their religious teachers, as well as others in the east, ( most notably, al-Ghazali in Persia and al-Tartushi in Egypt, who was himself an Iberian by birth, from Tortosa ), detested taifa rulers for their religious indifference.

Spanish Adoptionism was a theological position which was articulated in Umayyad and Christian-held regions of the Iberian peninsula in the 8th and 9th centuries.

The clavichord was very popular from the 16th century to the 18th century, but mainly flourished in German-speaking lands, Scandinavia, and the Iberian Peninsula in the latter part of this period.

The design and fabrication of the pugio was taken directly from Iberian daggers and short swords ; the Romans even adopted the triangular-bladed Iberian dagger, which they called the parazonium.

The title was not exactly hereditary but self proclaimed by those who had, wholly or partially, united the Christian northern part of the Iberian peninsula, often at the expense of killing rival siblings.

The Gibraltar area and the rest of the South Iberian Peninsula was part of the Byzantine Empire during the second part of the 6th century, later reverting to the Visigoth Kingdom.

The language survived as a domestic language in the Iberian peninsula ( modern Spain and Portugal ) as late as the 8th century, and Frankish author Walafrid Strabo wrote that it was still spoken in the lower Danube area and in isolated mountain regions in Crimea in the early 9th century ( see Crimean Gothic ).

Portugal was briefly also ruled by the House of Habsburg with Castile and Aragon in the Iberian Union, but this short-lived arrangement was never popular in Portugal ; Portugal after 60 years refused to be ruled by the Habsburg king.

Aquitania was definitely abandoned to the Visigoths, who would soon conquer a significant part of southern Gaul as well as most of the Iberian Peninsula.

France was only controlling Catalonia and Navarre and could have been definitely expelled from the Iberian peninsula had the Spanish armies attacked again, but the Spanish did not.

The English word Iberia was adapted from the use of the Ancient Greek word Ιβηρία ( Ibēría ) by the Greek geographers under the Roman Empire to refer to what is known today in English as the Iberian Peninsula.

Clerical and secular scholars from Europe turned their eyes to Iberian Peninsula as the arts and sciences prospered in an early Spanish " renaissance " under the patronage of Alfonso X, who was continuing the tradition of ( relatively ) enlightened and tolerant convivencia established by the Muslim emirate several centuries earlier.

Maimonides was born during what some scholars consider to be the end of the golden age of Jewish culture in the Iberian Peninsula, after the first centuries of the Moorish rule.

A statement of Eratosthenes attributed by Strabo to Pytheas, that the north of the Iberian Peninsula was an easier passage to Celtica than across the Ocean, is somewhat ambiguous: apparently he knew or knew of both routes, but he does not say which he took.

During that period Christian kingdoms gradually took control over the Iberian Peninsula from Muslim kingdoms and with the fall of the Granadian emirate, the entire Iberian Peninsula was brought under Christian rule, while native Mozarabic Christian practices held for centuries in Muslim-ruled territory were first suppressed as early as 1080, by Alfonso VI of Castile, as Roman-rite Christian kingdoms advanced south.

This battle was considered by the Muslims as little more than a skirmish, while the Battle of Toulouse ( 721 ), with at death toll of maybe tens of thousands, was mourned for centuries as a large scale tragedy by the Iberian Muslims.