A long series of cultural development culminated in the expansion of the Inca civilization and Inca Empire in the central Andes during the 15th century.

Rope bridges, a simple type of suspension bridge, were used by the Inca civilization in the Andes mountains of South America, just prior to European colonization in the 16th century.

" Members of the Inca civilization identified various dark areas or dark nebulae in the Milky Way as animals, and associated their appearance with the seasonal rains.

In the Andes, the first urban centers developed in the Norte Chico civilization ( also Caral or Caral-Supe civilization ), Chavin and Moche cultures, followed by major cities in the Huari, Chimu and Inca cultures.

In Quechua, the language of the Inca civilization, Crux is known as " Chakana ", which means literally " stair " ( chaka, bridge, link ; hanan, high, above ), but carries a deep symbolism within Quechua mysticism.

* Inca civilization, centered in what is now Peru

His death marks the end of 300 years of Inca civilization.

Peruvian territory was home to the Norte Chico civilization, one of the six oldest in the world, and to the Inca Empire, the largest state in Pre-Columbian America.

Around 700 BC, they appear to have developed systems of social organization that were the precursors of the Inca civilization.

The name sol comes from the Latin solidus, and is also the Spanish word for " sun ", which the ancient Inca civilization worshiped as the god Inti.

The disease had ravaged Mexico, Central America, and the Inca civilization.

The first known states were created in Ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, India, China, the Americas ( e. g. Aztec civilization, Inca civilization ) and others, but it is only in relatively modern times that states have almost completely displaced alternative " stateless " forms of political organization of societies all over the planet.

Holding their capital at the great puma-shaped city of Cuzco, the Inca civilization dominated the Andes region from 1438 to 1533.

Known as Tawantin suyu, or " the land of the four regions ", in Quechua, the Inca civilization was highly distinct and developed.

There is evidence of excellent metalwork and even successful brain surgery in Inca civilization.

In the following years Spain extended its rule over the Empire of the Inca civilization.

These two founded the Inca civilization carrying a golden staff, called ‘ tapac-yauri ’.

Bandelier had shown the falsity of various historical myths, notably in his conclusions respecting the Inca civilization of Peru.

The " facts " contained in the book were in fact an amalgam of other travel reports, and were especially influenced by accounts of the Aztec and Inca civilization in the New World and by embellished descriptions of Japan.

Carlos Ponce Sanginés, for his part, focus his researches in the anthropomorphic figures with phallic elements and prominent humps which, in his opinion, go back to the Inca civilization and, according to his observations, they would correspond to the predecessors of the colonial Ekeko.

To beat the Inca civilization, they supported one side of a civil war.

Inca expansion ( 1438 – 1527 )

In fact, the Inca nobility may themselves originally have been Aymara-speakers, who switched to Quechua only shortly before the Inca expansion.

After years of fierce resistance, the Cañari succumbed to the Inca expansion, and were assimilated loosely under the Inca Empire.

More importantly, Huayna Capac was the son of the previous ruler, Túpac Inca, and the grandson of Pachacuti, the Emperor who had begun the dramatic expansion by conquest of the Inca Empire from its base in the area around Cuzco.

On his accession to the throne, Huayna Capac had continued the policy of expansion by conquest by bringing Inca armies north into what is today Ecuador.

The Kayambi were resistant to Inca expansion and were only definitively conquered by Huayna Capac ( the eleventh Sapa Inca of the Inca Empire ) after a bloody 20-year war.

The Inca Empire briefly extended their empire into what is now northern Chile, where they collected tribute from small groups of fishermen and oasis farmers but were not able to establish a strong cultural presence in the area.

Although most of them disappeared in a shipwreck near La Havana, approximately 70 copies reached Lima, from where they were sent to Cuzco in the heart of the defunct Inca Empire.

The arrival and intromission of Pedro de Alvarado from Mexico in search of Inca gold further complicated the situation for Almagro and Belalcázar.

Almagro had also asked for a high-ranking official from the Inca empire to prepare a route along with three of his most trusted Spanish soldiers.

By luck, these men found the Valley of Copiapó, where a Spaniard called Gonzalo Calvo Barrientos, a Spaniard whom Pizarro had expelled from Peru for stealing objects the Inca had offered for his ransom, had already established a friendship with the local natives.

Conquistadors deposed the Aztec, Inca and Maya governments with extensive help from local factions and laid claim to vast stretches of land in North and South America.

There are also legends that say the ancestors of the Inca Empire came from underground caves which are located east of Cuzco, Peru.

* Inca Kola, a carbonated soft drink from Peru

* 1533 – Conquistadors from Spain under the leadership of Francisco Pizarro arrive in Cajamarca, Inca empire

The empire, being quite large, also had an impressive transportation system of roads to all points of the empire called the Inca Trail, and chasquis, message carriers who relayed information from anywhere in the empire to Cuzco.

The name was derived from the original Quechua ( Inca ) word for the cinchona tree bark, quina or quina-quina, which roughly means " bark of bark " or " holy bark ".

In the ancient Andean civilizations such as Inca Empire slings were made from llama wool.

Commercial routes were developed that brought goods from places as far as the Gulf of Mexico, the Pacific Ocean and perhaps even the Inca Empire.

Much of our knowledge of Inca population transfers comes from their description by the Spanish chroniclers Pedro Cieza de León and Bernabé Cobo.

Christopher de Haro, the financier of the expedition, bears witness to the trip to La Plata ( Rio da Prata ) and the news of the " White King " to the interior and west, the Inca emperor-and the axe of silver obtained from the natives and offered to the king Manuel I.

Whoever considers the Peruvian empire, where arts and industry flourished under one of the wisest systems of government, which was founded by a stranger, must have very sanguine expectations of the southern continent, from whence it is more than probable Mango Capac, the first Inca, was derived, and must be convinced that the country, from whence Mango Capac introduced the comforts of civilized life, cannot fail of amply rewarding the fortunate people who shall bestow letters instead of quippos ( quipus ), and iron in place of more awkward substitutes.

Most of their remains were either burned or destroyed from attacks by the Inca and later the Spaniards.

Over the first century and a half after Columbus's voyages, the native population of the Americas plummeted by an estimated 80 % ( from around 50 million in 1492 to eight million in 1650 ), mostly by outbreaks of Old World diseases but also by several massacres and forced labour ( the mita was re-established in the old Inca Empire, and the tequitlequivalent of the mitain the Aztec Empire ).

Extensive archaeological evidence for the chewing of coca leaves dates back at least to the sixth century A. D. Moche period, and the subsequent Inca period, based on mummies found with a supply of coca leaves, pottery depicting the characteristic cheek bulge of a coca chewer, spatulas for extracting alkali and figured bags for coca leaves and lime made from precious metals, and gold representations of coca in special gardens of the Inca in Cuzco

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