Members of the Irish Volunteers — led by schoolteacher and barrister Pádraig ( Patrick ) Pearse, joined by the smaller Irish Citizen Army of James Connolly, along with 200 members of Cumann na mBan — seized key locations in Dublin and proclaimed the Irish Republic independent of Britain.

The Irish Republican Brotherhood ( IRB ) saw an opportunity to create an armed organisation to advance its own ends, and on 25 November 1913 the Irish Volunteers, whose stated object was " to secure and to maintain the rights and liberties common to all the people of Ireland ", was formed.

The Volunteers and ICA recorded 64 killed in action, but otherwise Irish casualties were not divided into rebels and civilians.

It was descended from the Irish Volunteers, an organisation established on 25 November 1913 that staged the Easter Rising in April 1916.

In 1919, the Irish Republic that had been proclaimed during the Easter Rising was formally established by an elected assembly ( Dáil Éireann ), and the Irish Volunteers were recognised by Dáil Éireann as its legitimate army.

However the term Irish Republican Army in its modern sense was first used in the second decade of the 20th century for the rebel forces of the Irish Volunteers and the Irish Citizen Army during the Easter Rising.

It was subsequently, and most commonly, used for those Volunteers who fought a guerrilla campaign in 1919 – 1921 in support of the Irish Republic declared in 1919.

The passage of the Bill through Parliament over the next two years was accompanied in Ireland by the formation of first unionist, and then nationalist, mass-membership armed militias: the Ulster Volunteer Force and the Irish Volunteers, respectively.

The Irish Volunteers split.

However, about 12, 000 Volunteers, led by Eoin MacNeill and dominated by the secret Irish Republican Brotherhood ( IRB ), refused to join the British war effort and kept the name " Irish Volunteers ".

Whereas MacNeill intended to use force only to resist the imposition of conscription on Ireland, or to prevent the use of force to disarm of the Volunteers, the IRB men intended to launch an armed rebellion in pursuit of Irish independence.

It was during the Rising that the Volunteers began to refer to themselves as the Irish Republican Army.

The rebel Volunteers were a minority faction among Irish nationalists and up to 200, 000 Irishmen were serving on the British side in the First World War.

In this new position of strength, the Irish Volunteers, who had been swollen to over 100, 000 men in the conscription crisis, were re-organised as the army of this Republic.

The first steps towards reorganizing the defeated Irish Volunteers were taken on 27 October 1917 when a convention took place in Dublin.

Baker notes the uncanny way that both authors imply an ironic " justification by ownership " over the subject of sacrificing children — Tertullian while attacking pagan parents, and Swift while attacking the English mistreatment of the Irish poor.

The Irish Free State, whose consent to the Abdication Act was also required, neither gave it nor allowed the British legislation to take effect in the Free State's jurisdiction ; instead, the Irish parliament passed its own Act — the Executive Authority ( External Relations ) Act — the day after the Declaration of Abdication Act took force elsewhere, meaning Edward VIII, for one day, remained King of Ireland while George VI was king of all the other realms.

He suggested the Irish Feast of Bricriu as a source for Beowulf — a theory that was soon denied by Oscar Olson.

This comb detail is also related to the centuries-old traditional romantic Irish story that, if you ever see a comb lying on the ground in Ireland, you must never pick it up, or the banshees ( or mermaids — stories vary ), having placed it there to lure unsuspecting humans, will spirit such gullible humans away.

In his fictional historical essay " The Hyborian Age ", Howard describes how the people of Atlantis — the land where his character King Kull originated — had to move east after a great cataclysm changed the face of the world and sank their island, settling where Ireland and Scotland would eventually be located, Thus they are ( in Howard's work ) the ancestors of the Irish and Scottish ( the Celtic Gaels ) and not the Picts, the other ancestor of modern Scots who also appear in Howard's work.

The Irish word derives from Old Irish, which referred to a wooden structure or vessel, stemming from crann, which means " tree ", plus a diminutive ending — literally " young tree ".

If the sources for north-eastern Britain, the lands of the kingdom of Northumbria and the former Pictland, are limited and late, those for the areas on the Irish Sea and Atlantic coasts — the modern regions of north-west England and all of northern and western Scotland — are non-existent, and archaeology and toponymy are of primary importance.

Among those noted by the Irish annals, the Chronicle of the Kings of Alba and the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle are Ívarr — Ímar in Irish sources — who was active from East Anglia to Ireland, Halfdán — Albdann in Irish, Healfdene in Old English — and Amlaíb or Óláfr.

In the following twenty years, the Provisional Irish Republican Army and other smaller republican groups such as the Irish National Liberation Army ( INLA ) mounted an armed campaign against the British, by which they meant the RUC, the British Army, the Ulster Defence Regiment ( UDR ) of the British Army ( and, according to their critics, the Protestant and unionist establishment ).

Irish coalition governments have traditionally been based on one of two large blocs in Dáil Éireann: either Fianna Fáil in coalition with smaller parties or independents, or Fine Gael and the Labour Party in coalition, sometimes with smaller parties.

In a policy document entitled New Politics, deputy Hogan has suggested creating a country with " a smaller, more dynamic and more responsive political system ," reducing the size of the Dáil by 20, changing the way the Dáil works, and in a controversial move, abolishing the Irish senate, Seanad Éireann.

One of them, the Irish monk Dungal, asserted that the tropical gap between our habitable region and the other habitable region to the south was smaller than Macrobius had believed.

Corporate hedge funds sometimes list their shares on smaller stock exchanges, such as the Irish Stock Exchange, as this provides a low level of regulatory oversight that is required by some investors.

) Under this legal definition, the Irish diaspora is considerably smaller — some 3 million persons, of whom 1. 2 million are Irish-born emigrants.

19th-century South Africa did not attract mass Irish migration, but Irish communities are to be found in Cape Town, Port Elizabeth, Kimberley, and Johannesburg, with smaller communities in Pretoria, Barberton, Durban and East London.

A smaller organisation, the Irish Citizen Army — originally a workers ' defence association under socialist James Connolly — independently planned their own rebellion.

In general, counties were made by amalgamating various smaller Irish territories which suited the colonial administration at the time and had little basis in older tribal boundaries.

Throughout the 2000s Loach continued to intersperse wider political dramas such as Bread and Roses ( which focused on the Los Angeles janitors strike ) and Route Irish ( set in the Iraq occupation ) with smaller examinations of personal relationships.

In addition, Lyon & Healy makes smaller versions of the harp, which are known as folk harps ( based on traditional Irish instruments ) or lever harps ( which use levers to change the pitch of the string rather than pedals ).

By 1985, Lyon & Healy also made folk harps, also known as " Irish harps ", which are even smaller than the Troubadour.

One who plays the smaller Irish or folk harps is often referred to as a " harper " rather than the more formal " harpist " title, which is used for players of concert or pedal harps.

Its antlers were smaller than the Irish elk, but comparable in size to Libralces gallicus.

However, in the 1650s, following Cromwell's adventures in Ireland, and his attempt to force his protectorship on independent Scotland, Irish prisoners-of-war ( POW ) and ethnically-cleansed civilians, and smaller numbers of Scots POWs, were also sent to Bermuda.

A small but significant minority of Irish people, usually attached to parties like Sinn Féin and the smaller Republican Sinn Féin, denied the right of the twenty-six county state to use the name Republic and continued to refer to the state as the Free State.

In addition to free and enslaved Blacks, 17th-century Bermuda had large minorities of Irish and Native American slaves, as well as smaller number of Scots, all ethnically-cleansed from their homelands and sold in Bermuda.

However many Irish voters were critical of the Treaty contents, believing that it marginalised smaller states.