The Turkish language and the Islamic religion were gradually introduced as a result of the Seljuk conquest, and this period marks the start of Anatolia's slow transition from predominantly Christian and Indo-European and Semitic-speaking, to predominantly Muslim and Turkish-speaking ( Although some ethnic groups such as Armenians, Greeks, Assyrians and Georgians retained Christianity and their native languages ).

* 711 – Islamic conquest of Hispania: Moorish troops led by Tariq ibn-Ziyad land at Gibraltar to begin their invasion of the Iberian Peninsula ( Al-Andalus ).

Scholars such as Dierk Lange attribute the decline of ancient Ghana to numerous unrelated factors, only one of which can be likely attributable to internal dynastic struggles that were instigated by Almalvorid influence and Islamic pressures, but devoid of any military conversion and conquest.

* Sa ` d ibn Abi Waqqas ( played a part in the Islamic conquest of Persia )

After the Arab Islamic conquest in the 7th century AD Assyria was dissolved as an entity.

# Islamic alchemy CE – 1200, the Muslim conquest of Egypt ; development of alchemy by Jābir ibn Hayyān, al-Razi and others ; Jābir modifies Aristotle's theories ; advances in processes and apparatus.

These relatively lightly armored horsemen formed the most effective element of the Muslim armies during the later stages of the Islamic conquest of the Levant.

The Arab Islamic conquest dominated most of North Africa by 640 AD.

During the Middle Ages, Muslims were in conflict with Zoroastrians during the Islamic conquest of Persia ; Christians were in conflict with Muslims during the Byzantine-Arab Wars, Crusades, Reconquista and Ottoman wars in Europe ; Christians were in conflict with Muslims during the Crusades, Reconquista and Inquisition ; Shamans were in conflict with Buddhists, Taoists, Muslims and Christians during the Mongol invasions ; and Muslims were in conflict with Hindus and Sikhs during Muslim conquest in the Indian subcontinent.

The Islamic conquest of Afghanistan began from Herat, which was one of the important cities of Greater Khorasan | Khorasan, and made its way to Kabul in the late 7th century.

The Islamic conquest reached modern-day Afghanistan in 642 AD, at a time when Kabul was independent.

In the 7th century North Africa and the Middle East, once part of the Eastern Roman Empire, became an Islamic Empire after conquest by Muhammad's successors.

Built soon after the conquest of northwest Africa, the first mosque built in this region is the Great Mosque of Kairouan ( in Tunisia ) founded by the Umayyad general Uqba Ibn Nafi during the second half of the 7th century and considered as the oldest place of worship in the western Islamic world.

The Umayyad Mosque in Damascus, Syria was a Byzantine Empire | Byzantine church before the Islamic conquest of the Levant.

In AD 226, it fell to the Sassanid Persians, and remained under Persian rule until the 7th century Arab Islamic conquest of the Sassanid Empire.

The history of the Ancient Near East begins in the Lower Paleolithic period, and ends with either the arrival of the Achaemenid Empire in the late 6th century BC, or with the Arab Islamic conquest of Mesopotamia and the establishment of the Caliphate in the late 7th century AD, from which point the region came to be known as Iraq.

The conquest of Constantinople began to make the Ottomans the rulers of one of the most profitable empires, connected to the flourishing Islamic cultures of the time, and at the crossroads of trade into Europe.

After the Islamic Moorish conquest of nearly all of the Iberian Peninsula in 711-718 and the establishment of the emirate of Al-Andalus, an Umayyad were expedition suffered a major defeat at the Battle of Toulouse and were halted for a while on their way north.

Several fundamental common law institutions may have been adapted from similar legal institutions in Islamic law and jurisprudence, and introduced to England after the Norman conquest of England by the Normans, who conquered and inherited the Islamic legal administration of the Emirate of Sicily, and also by Crusaders during the Crusades.

Afghanistan ( Persian / Pashto:, Afġānistān ), officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country forming part of South Asia, Central Asia, and to some extent Western Asia.

After the Soviet withdrawal, between 1992 and 1996, he was minister of defense in the new government of the Islamic State of Afghanistan under president Burhanuddin Rabbani, and acted as its military leader in the civil war against competing militias around Kabul.

These developments gave rise to the Islamist and Islamic movement opposed to the increasing communist and Soviet influence over Afghanistan.

Category: National Islamic Movement of Afghanistan politicians

* Article on Amir Abdur Rahman Khan on Islamic Republic Of Afghanistan (. com )

Out of the Samanid dynasty came the Ghaznavids, whose warriors forged the first great Islamic empire from Ghazni ( Afghanistan ) that spanned much of the Iranian plateau, Central Asia and conducted many successful raids into India.

Burhanuddin Rabbani ( Burhânuddîn Rabbânî ; 20 September 1940 – 20 September 2011 ) was President of the Islamic State of Afghanistan from 1992 to 1996.

Rabbani was also the leader of Jamiat-e Islami Afghanistan ( Islamic Society of Afghanistan ), which has close ties to Pakistan's Jamaat-e-Islami.

He served as the political head of the United Islamic Front for the Salvation of Afghanistan ( UIFSA ), an alliance of various political groups who fought against the Taliban in Afghanistan.

The Islamic Republic of Afghanistan has close and friendly relations with a number of countries around the world, including: the United States, Japan, Germany, Turkey, India, China, Canada, Russia, United Arab Emirates and many others.

After the fall of the Taliban in late 2001, India strengthened ties with the Islamic republic of Afghanistan by establishing consulates in most major Afghan cities.

The Peshawar Accords created the Islamic State of Afghanistan and appointed an interim government for a transitional period.

The main forces involved during that period in Kabul, northern, central and eastern Afghanistan were the Hezb-i Islami of Gulbuddin Hekmatyar directed by Pakistan, the Hezb-i Wahdat of Abdul Ali Mazari directed by Iran, the Ittehad-i Islami of Abdul Rasul Sayyaf supported by Saudi Arabia, the Junbish-i Milli of Abdul Rashid Dostum backed by Uzbekisten, the Harakat-i Islami of Hussain Anwari and the Shura-i Nazar operating as the regular Islamic State forces ( as agreed upon in the Peshawar Accords ) under the defense ministry of Ahmad Shah Massoud.

Former Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf send more troops against the United Islamic Front for the Salvation of Afghanistan | United Front of Ahmad Shah Massoud than the Afghan Taliban.

The Taliban seized Kabul on September 27, 1996, and established the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan.

In 1979 the Soviet Union deployed its 40th Army into Afghanistan, attempting to suppress an Islamic rebellion against an allied Marxist regime in the Afghan Civil War.

When the Soviet Union abandoned the Marxist Najibullah regime and withdrew from Afghanistan in 1989 ( the regime finally fell in 1992 ), the victory was seen by many Muslims as the triumph of Islamic faith over superior military power and technology that could be duplicated elsewhere.

An Islamist movement influenced by Salafism and the jihad in Afghanistan, as well as the Muslim Brotherhood, was the FIS or Front Islamique de Salut ( the Islamic Salvation Front ) in Algeria.

During the U. S. intervention in Afghanistan, he fought against the Taliban within the United Islamic Front for the Salvation of Afghanistan ( Northern Alliance ) and thus regained his position as Governor of Herat.

PERF 558 is the oldest surviving Arabic papyrus, and the oldest dated Arabic text from the Islamic era, dating from 22 AH ( AD 642 ) and found in Heracleopolis in Egypt.

It is the site of the Battle of Nihawand in 642 that completed the fall of the Sassanid Empire and the Islamic conquest of Iran.

Kimiya-yi sa ' ādat ( The Alchemy of Happiness ) – a text on Islamic philosophy and spiritual alchemy by Al-Ghazali | Al-Ghazālī ( 1058 – 1111 ).

* 1999 – The Chechnya-based Islamic International Brigade invades the neighboring Russian Dagestan.

* 1969 – An Australian, Denis Michael Rohan, sets the Al-Aqsa Mosque on fire, a major catalyst of the formation of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation.

Abu Bakr ( Abdullah ibn Abi Quhafa ) (, c. 573 CE – 23 August 634 CE ) also known as Abū Bakr as-Șiddīq ( Arabic: أبو بكر الصديق ) was a senior companion ( Sahabi ) and the father-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

* 1997 – At least 98 villagers are killed by the Armed Islamic Group of Algeria GIA in the Rais massacre, Algeria.

* 2004 – Islamic terrorists involved in the 11 March 2004 Madrid attacks are trapped by the police in their apartment and kill themselves.

* year, month, and day – most systems, including the Gregorian calendar ( and its very similar predecessor, the Julian calendar ), the Islamic calendar, and the Hebrew calendar

At around the same time in the medieval Islamic world, a vigorous monetary economy was created during the 7th – 12th centuries on the basis of the expanding levels of circulation of a stable high-value currency ( the dinar ).

Centuries later, the Islamic philosopher Avicenna ( c. 980 – 1037 ) inquired into the question of being, in which he distinguished between essence ( Mahiat ) and existence ( Wujud ).

He promoted the Uyghur Yulbars Khan to Governor during the Kuomintang Islamic Insurgency in China ( 1950 – 1958 ) for resisting the Communists, even though the government had already evacuated to Taiwan.

The Islamic creed is the Shahadah, the proclamation لا اله الا الله محمد رسول الله ( lā ʾilāha ʾillà-llāh, muḥammadun rasūlu-llāh ) – “ There is no god but Allah ; Muhammad is Allah's messenger .” Taking this creed is one of the five pillars of Islam.

* 1256 – Hulagu Khan captures and destroys the Hashshashin stronghold at Alamut in present-day Iran as part of the Mongol offensive on Islamic southwest Asia.

* 1973 – The Islamic Development Bank is founded.

* 1965 – Pakistan's Islamic Ideology Advisory Committee recommends that Islamic Studies be made a compulsory subject for Muslim students from primary to graduate level.

* 1994 – Four Armed Islamic Group hijackers seize control of Air France Flight 8969.

* 1951 – Tahir-ul-Qadri, Pakistani Islamic Sufi Scholar

* 1974 – The Organisation of the Islamic Conference summit begins in Lahore, Pakistan.

* 1703 – Shah Waliullah, Islamic Scholar and Reformer ( d. 1762 )