The working principle of a yupana is unknown, but in 2001 an explanation of the mathematical basis of these instruments was proposed by Italian mathematician Nicolino De Pasquale.

* 1858 – Giuseppe Peano, Italian mathematician ( d. 1932 )

* 1537 – Francesco Barozzi, Italian mathematician, astronomer, and humanist ( d. 1604 )

In 1842, the Italian mathematician Luigi Menabrea, whom Babbage had met while travelling in Italy, wrote a description of the engine in French.

* 1865 – Guido Castelnuovo, Italian mathematician ( d. 1952 )

* 1618 – Francesco Maria Grimaldi, Italian mathematician and physicist ( d. 1663 )

* 1932 – Giuseppe Peano, Italian mathematician ( b. 1858 )

* 1952 – Guido Castelnuovo, Italian mathematician ( b. 1865 )

* 1557 – Niccolo Fontana Tartaglia, Italian mathematician

* 1465 – Scipione del Ferro, Italian mathematician ( d. 1526 )

* 1582 – Mario Bettinus, Italian philosopher, mathematician and astronomer ( d. 1657 )

However, the general concept of functional had previously been introduced in 1887 by the Italian mathematician and physicist Vito Volterra.

* 1522 – Lodovico Ferrari, Italian mathematician ( d. 1565 )

Giordano Bruno (; 1548 – February 17, 1600 ), ( Latin: Iordanus Brunus Nolanus ) born Filippo Bruno, was an Italian Dominican friar, philosopher, mathematician and astronomer.

Giuseppe Peano (; 27 August 1858 – 20 April 1932 ) was an Italian mathematician, whose work was of philosophical value.

Gerolamo ( or Girolamo, or Geronimo ) Cardano (; ; 24 September 1501 – 21 September 1576 ) was an Italian Renaissance mathematician, physician, astrologer and gambler.

* 1906 – Bruno de Finetti, Italian mathematician ( d. 1985 )

* 1742 – Guido Grandi, Italian mathematician ( b. 1671 )

Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci ( ) ( April 15, 1452 – May 2, 1519, Old Style ) was an Italian Renaissance polymath: painter, sculptor, architect, musician, scientist, mathematician, engineer, inventor, anatomist, geologist, cartographer, botanist, and writer.

Fra Luca Bartolomeo de Pacioli ( sometimes Paccioli or Paciolo ; 1445 – 1517 ) was an Italian mathematician, Franciscan friar, collaborator with Leonardo da Vinci, and seminal contributor to the field now known as accounting.

Lodovico Ferrari ( February 2, 1522 – October 5, 1565 ) was an Italian mathematician.

* 1860 – Vito Volterra, Italian mathematician ( d. 1940 )

* 1676 – Jacopo Riccati, Italian mathematician ( d. 1754 )

Maria Gaetana Agnesi ( May 16, 1718 – January 9, 1799 ) was an Italian mathematician and philosopher.

* 1598 – Giovanni Riccioli, Italian astronomer ( d. 1671 )

She also was a great-grandniece of Giovanni Schiaparelli, an Italian astronomer who believed he had discovered the supposed canals of Mars, and a great-grandniece of art expert Bernard Berenson ( 1865 – 1959 ) and his sister Senda Berenson ( 1868 – 1954 ), an athlete and educator who was one of the first two women elected to the Basketball Hall of Fame.

In that same year, Italian astronomer Giuseppe Piazzi discovered the dwarf planet Ceres.

* 1586 – Niccolò Zucchi, Italian astronomer ( d. 1670 )

* 1564 – Galileo Galilei, Italian astronomer and physicist ( d. 1642 )

Actual proof of the Milky Way consisting of many stars came in 1610 when the Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei used a telescope to study the Milky Way and discovered that it is composed of a huge number of faint stars.

The € 20 billion project is named after the Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei.

He also attempted ( unsuccessfully ) to begin a collaboration with Italian astronomer Giovanni Antonio Magini.

* 1910 – Giovanni Schiaparelli, Italian astronomer ( b. 1835 )

* 1633 – Geminiano Montanari, Italian astronomer ( d. 1687 )

* 1746 – Giuseppe Piazzi, Italian astronomer ( d. 1826 )

* 1625 – Giovanni Domenico Cassini, Italian scientist and astronomer ( d. 1712 )

The Italian physicist and astronomer Galileo brought together the ideas of other great thinkers of his time and began to analyze motion in terms of distance traveled from some starting position and the time that it took.

The Italian astronomer Geminiano Montanari recorded observing variations in luminosity of the star Algol in 1667.

* January 8 – Galileo Galilei, Italian astronomer and physicist ( b. 1564 )

* June 18 – Angelo Secchi, Italian astronomer ( d. 1878 )

* July 22 – Giuseppe Piazzi, Italian astronomer ( b. 1746 )

* February 15 – Galileo Galilei, Italian astronomer and physicist ( d. 1642 )

* July 4 – Giovanni Schiaparelli, Italian astronomer ( b. 1835 )

* April 13 – Giovanni Battista Hodierna, Italian astronomer ( d. 1660 )

* October 13 – Geminiano Montanari, Italian astronomer ( b. 1633 )