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Jarls and Orkney
The first four Jarls of Orkney were successively Rögnvald's brother Sigurd, Sigurd's son Guthorm ( Guttormr ), Rögnvald's son Hallad, and Rögnvald's son Turf-Einar.
Additionally among the Norse, Raven banner standards were carried by such figures as the Jarls of Orkney, King Canute the Great of England, Norway and Denmark, and Harald Hardrada.
But it is from Halfan the Old who is called a descendant of Gór from whom springs at last the Jarls of Orkney who are the subject of the Orkneyinga saga.
The Clan Gunn is one of the oldest Scottish Clans descended from the Norse Jarls of Orkney and the Cait ( Pictish ) Mormaers of Caithness.
Several Jarls of Orkney:

Jarls and Harald
However, in the first centuries after Harald Fairhair, there were several periods during which the country was effectively ruled not by a king but by one of the Jarls of Lade, ( Old Norse Hlaðir ), from the northern part of Norway.

Jarls and King
In 1000, he allied with Sweyn Forkbeard, who was married to Olof's mother, and with the Norwegian Jarls Eric and Sven, against the Norwegian King Olaf Tryggvason.
In the years prior to the founding of the city of Trondheim in 997 by Viking King Olav Tryggvason, Munkholmen was used as an execution site by the Jarls of Lade.

Jarls and for
Several other historical structures there are also named for him including the street Birger Jarlsgatan on Norrmalm and the tower Birger Jarls Torn on Riddarholmen.
A Danish army led by two Jarls, however, was waiting for him.

Jarls and .
These areas were ruled over by local Jarls, originally captains of ships or Hersirs.
He organised a fleet and was able to subdue the rebels, and in doing so brought the independent Jarls under his control, many of the rebels having fled to Iceland.
There is a statue of the great duke in his own square Birger Jarls Torg next to Riddarholm Church in Stockholm, erected by Bengt Erland Fogelberg at the expense of the Over-Governor of Stockholm in 1854.
From Turf-Einar the later Jarls descended.
After the battle, Norway was ruled by the Jarls of Lade as a fief of Denmark and Sweden.
Harald's descendants, and other claimants to the throne, had to contend with strong regional leaders such as the Jarls of Lade in the north and the rulers of Vingulmark in the east, while the kings of Denmark claimed regions in the south and were eager to acquire Norwegian vassals to increase their influence.
In June 1016, he won the Battle at Nesjar against the Jarls of Lade.
The recruitment of robber gangs and other scofflaws was likely no surprise to the polytheistic heathens that opposed Olaf's attempts to forcibly convert them by murdering and torturing regional Jarls and Kings to terrorize them into accepting Christianity.
* Up Helly Aa: Shetlopedia. com-Up Helly Aa pages including a timeline of Lerwick Guizer Jarls, Up Helly-Aa songs, photos, and other local ( non Lerwick ) Up Helly-Aa's.

Orkney and continued
They appear relatively late and only in Orkney and it is not clear why the use of cairns continued in the north when their construction had largely ceased elsewhere in Scotland.
Orkney and Shetland continued to be ruled as autonomous Jarldoms under Norway until 1468, when King Christian I pledged them as security on the dowry of his daughter, who was betrothed to James III of Scotland.
Edward and the Guardians continued their negotiations, based on the collective assumption that Margaret would be Queen and Edward of Wales King, but all these plans, and those of King Alexander, were brought to nothing by the death of Margaret in the Orkney Islands on 26 September 1290 while voyaging to Scotland.
The seat of the diocese was transferred to St Magnus Cathedral, Kirkwall in the later twelfth century, though the Bishops of Orkney continued to have a residence in Birsay ( known by the Latin name Mons Bellus ) into late medieval times.
After his release he continued his activism in the anarchist movement in the United Kingdom, re-formed the Anarchist Black Cross and Black Flag with Albert Meltzer, was acquitted of involvement with the Angry Brigade, and started the publishing house Cienfuegos Press ( later Refract Publications ), which for a number of years he operated from the remote island of Sanday, Orkney, where he also edited and published a local Orcadian newspaper, The Free-Winged Eagle.
His trip continued up the west coast of Scotland, around the north coast, out to the Orkney Islands and down the east coast as far south as Dundee.
In early times both the archbishop of Hamburg and the archbishop of York disputed with the Norwegians ecclesiastical jurisdiction over Orkney and the right of consecrating bishops ; but ultimately the Norwegian bishops, the first of whom was William the Old ( consecrated in 1102 ), continued the canonical succession.

Orkney and rule
Most likely he spent it in the Hebrides ( possibly sheltered by Christina of Garmoran ) although Ireland is a serious possibility, and Orkney ( under Norwegian rule at the time ) or Norway proper ( where his sister was queen dowager ) although unlikely are not impossible.
His successor, King Magnus the Lawmender gave up that claim in the treaty of Perth, but secured Scotland's recognition of Norwegian rule over Orkney and Shetland.
The Orkneyinga saga, written c. 1200, does speak of Eirik ’ s presence in Orkney and his alliance with the joint jarls Arnkel and Erland, sons of Torf-Einarr, but not until his rule in Northumbria was challenged by Olaf ( Amlaíb Cuarán ).
In the 15th century towards the end of Norse rule in Orkney, the islands were run by the jarls from large manor farms, some of which were sited at Burray, Burwick, Paplay, Hoy, and Cairston ( near Stromness ) to guard the entrances to the Flow.
This monarch of Norway was Magnus Haraldsson, who may have used the death of Thorfinn as an excuse to exert direct rule of Orkney and the Hebrides.
The Bishop's Palace, Kirkwall in Orkney where Haakon IV of Norway | Haakon Haakonarson, the last Norwegian king to rule over the Sudreyjar died in 1263.
In 1266 he gave up the Hebrides and the Isle of Man to Scotland, in return for a large sum of silver and a yearly payment, under the Treaty of Perth, by which the Scots at the same time recognised Norwegian rule over Shetland and the Orkney Islands.
The name Sutherland dates from the era of Norse rule and settlement over much of the Highlands and Islands, under the rule of the jarl of Orkney.
The Treaty of Perth transferred the Outer Hebrides and Isle of Man to Scots law while Norse law and rule still applied for Shetland and Orkney.
Uniquely, the constituencies boundaries are protected by legislation, as rule 3A of the Boundary Commission rules states: " A constituency which includes the Orkney Islands or the Shetland Islands shall not include the whole or any part of a local government area other than the Orkney Islands and the Shetland Islands.
Furthermore, a change in the Boundary Commission's rules in 2000 added rule 3a which forbids Orkney or Shetland being combined with another council area.
Harald I Hårfagre, Harald I of Norway, claimed Orkney and Shetland for his kingdom around 875 and due to political differences and problems had to take military action to secure these isles as realms friendly to his rule at home.

Orkney and much
Some have given the etymology of Uist from Old Norse meaning " west ", much like Westray in the Orkney Islands.
At times the rulers were independent of external control, although for much of the period they had overlords in Norway, Ireland, England, Scotland or Orkney.
" He suffered psychologically in a most destructive way, although perhaps the poet of later years benefited from these experiences as much as from his Orkney ' Eden '.
The woodlands were first laid out by Lord Orkney in the eighteenth century on what had been barren cliff-top ; they were later much restocked by Bill Astor but suffered badly in the Great Storm of 1987.
This account contains much curious detail on Orkney, including the earliest account of the Picts as small people who hid in the daytime, but it has little to say about Rognvald. In the days of Harald Fairhair, king of Norway, certain pirates, of the family of the most vigorous prince Ronald, set out with a great fleet, and crossed the Solundic sea ..., and subdued the islands to themselves.
The new proprietor sent half a dozen boatloads of " vagabondis, broken Highland men of Caithness " to Eday, much to the alarm of the notorious Earl Patrick of Orkney.
The poet Edwin Muir ( 1887 – 1959 ), known for his prominent part in the Scottish Renaissance, born in Deerness on Mainland, Orkney, spent much of his childhood on Wyre.
By contrast, fishing has declined in Orkney since the 19th century and the impact of the oil industry has been much less significant.
The species is native throughout most of temperate Europe and Asia, and although absent from more northerly areas including much of northwest Scotland, it reappears in northernmost Sutherland and Orkney.
He did much to improve the agriculture of Orkney.
The flag of Orkney in Scotland, created in 2007, is the exact opposite of the flag of Åland ; much in the same way as the flag of Iceland is the opposite of the flag of Norway.
Mercurialis perennis, commonly known as dog's mercury, is a woodland plant found in much of Europe, but almost absent from Ireland, Orkney and Shetland.
Robert's interest lay mainly in the richer farmlands of Orkney and though he did build the Old House of Sumburgh, he left much of the day to day running of Shetland to his half brother Laurence Bruce, who was appointed Sheriff of Shetland.

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