* 1492 – Queen Isabella of Castille issues the Alhambra decree, ordering her 150, 000 Jewish subjects to convert to Christianity or face expulsion.

A can of Zyklon B with adsorbent granules and original signed documents detailing ordering of Zyklon B as " materials for Jewish resettlement " ( display at KL Auschwitz I museum )

To consolidate his empire and strengthen his hold over the region, Antiochus decided to side with the Hellenized Jews by outlawing Jewish religious rites and traditions kept by observant Jews and by ordering the worship of Zeus as the supreme god ( 2 Maccabees 6: 1 – 12 ).

Rabbi Salanter set an example for the Lithuanian Jewish community during the cholera epidemic of 1848, making sure that necessary relief work on Shabbat for Jews was done by Jews ( despite the ordinary prohibition against doing work on Shabbat ), and ordering Jews whose lives were in danger to eat rather than fast on the fast day of Yom Kippur.

A Jewish survivor of Jasenovac, Egon Berger, has described Filipović ’ s sadistic killing of children, while two other witnesses, Šimo Klaić and Dragutin Škrgatić: Klaić recalls that in Christmas 1942, Miroslav ordered mass and later a muster, where he killed four inmates with a knife, while forcing a Jew of Sarajevo, Alkalaj, to sing, then ordering Alkalaj to near him, stabbing him in the chest and slashing his throat.

Also in January and February 1940, the first decrees appeared ordering Jewish men and women each to do two years of labour in concentration camps.

According to the traditional Jewish ordering of books of the Bible, the very last word of the Bible ( i. e. the last word in the original Hebrew of verse 2 Chronicles 36: 23 ) is veya ‘ al, a jussive verb form derived from the same root as aliyah, meaning " let him go up " ( to Israel ).

An example was in Mission to World War II about the Warsaw Ghetto uprising, where the reader was given the choice of starting the mission in the Jewish ghetto or the Aryan part of Warsaw, in which the hint read " Hitler may have had Jewish family members ", suggesting the reader should begin in the Jewish section of the city, but not ordering it, or it was possible for the hint to be missed.

The term " Logos " was used in Greek philosophy ( see Heraclitus ) and in Hellenistic Jewish religious writing ( see Philo Judaeus of Alexandria ) to mean the ultimate ordering principle of the universe.

The Botbol families in Morocco, like most of the established Jewish community in Morocco, arrived between 1478, persecuted by the Spanish Inquisition, and 1492 when the Catholic Monarchs signed the Alhambra Decree, the edict ordering the expulsion of all Jews from Spain and its possessions.

The disputed books, included in one canon but not in others, are often called the Biblical apocrypha, a term that is sometimes used specifically ( and possibly pejoratively in English ) to describe the books in the Catholic and Orthodox canons that are absent from the Jewish Masoretic Text ( also called the Tanakh or Miqra ) and most modern Protestant Bibles.

In the Jewish canon the Book of Ruth is included in the third division, or the Writings ( Ketuvim ).

The book of Esther falls under the category of Writings, one of three parts of the Jewish canon.

Some Christian denominations ( such as Anglican, Roman Catholic, and Eastern Orthodox ), include a number of books that are not in the Hebrew Bible ( the biblical apocrypha or deuterocanonical books or Anagignoskomena, see Development of the Old Testament canon ) in their biblical canon that are not in today's Jewish canon, although they were included in the Septuagint.

The Jewish historian Josephus speaks of there being 22 books in the canon of the Hebrew Bible, a Jewish tradition reported also by the Christian bishop Athanasius.

The Persian era, and especially the period 538 – 400, laid the foundations of later Jewish and Christian religion and the beginnings of a scriptural canon.

Some scholars argue that a " Jewish biblical canon " was fixed by the Hasmonean dynasty.

For example, the Council of Laodicea ( canon 29 ) required Christians to separate from Jewish laws and traditions, stating that Christians must not Judaize by resting on Sabbath, but must work that day and then, if possible, rest on the Lord's Day, and that any found to be Judaizers were declared anathema from Christ.

The Torah ( Pentateuch in Greek ) always maintained its pre-eminence as the basis of the canon ; but the collection of prophetic writings, based on the Jewish Nevi ' im, had various hagiographical works incorporated into it.

In addition some newer books were included in the Septuagint: those called anagignoskomena in Greek, because they are not included in the Jewish canon.

Also, the Septuagint version of some Biblical books, like Daniel and Esther, are longer than those in the Jewish canon.

The canonicity of the larger group of " writings " ( the Jewish ketuvim ) had not yet been established, although some sort of selective process must have been employed because the Septuagint did not include other well-known Jewish documents such as Enoch or Jubilees or other writings that are not part of the Jewish canon.

After the Protestant Reformation, many Protestant Bibles began to follow the Jewish canon and exclude the additional texts, which came to be called " Apocrypha " ( i. e. of questionable authenticity ).

Some scholars argue that the Jewish canon was fixed by the Hasmonean dynasty ( 140-37 BCE ).

Today, there is no scholarly consensus as to when the Jewish canon was set.

In Judaism the term " People of the Book " ( Hebrew: עם הספר, Am HaSefer ) was used to refer specifically to the Jewish people and the Torah, and to the Jewish people and the wider canon of written Jewish law ( including the Mishnah and the Talmud ).

The Hebrew Bible or Tanakh is the Jewish scriptural canon and central source of Jewish law.

The Jewish Talmud, dating back about 1800 years, suggests a cure for gum ailments containing " dough water " and olive oil.

The Jewish Encyclopedia suggests two possible accounts of Aaron's death.

The Torah ( Jewish Law ), also known as the Pentateuch ( the first five books of the Christian Old Testament ), lays down the death penalty for murder, kidnapping, magic, violation of the Sabbath, blasphemy, and a wide range of sexual crimes, although evidence suggests that actual executions were rare.

The reference to the Jewish " boast ", and, indeed, the strident anti-Jewish tone of the whole passage, suggests another issue: some Christians thought that it was undignified for Christians to depend on Jews to set the date of a Christian festival.

The content of " M " suggests that this community was stricter than the others in its attitude to keeping the Jewish law, holding that they must exceed the scribes and the Pharisees in " righteousness " ( adherence to Jewish law ); and of the three only " M " refers to a " church " ( ecclesia ), an organised group with rules for keeping order.

The Talmud suggests that this was a result of Divine Providence: God had granted the Jewish people another leader of great stature to succeed Rabbi Akiva.

Modern scholarship dating from the Wissenschaft des Judentums movement of 19th century Germany, as well as textual analysis influenced by the 20th Century discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls, suggests that dating from this period there existed " liturgical formulations of a communal nature designated for particular occasions and conducted in a centre totally independent of Jerusalem and the Temple, making use of terminology and theological concepts that were later to become dominant in Jewish and, in some cases, Christian prayer.

Reuvein Margolies suggests that as the Mishnah was redacted after the Bar Kochba revolt, Rabbi Judah could not have included discussion of Hanukkah which commemorates the Jewish revolt against the Syrian-Greeks ( the Romans would not have tolerated this overt nationalism ).

A Jewish tradition suggests that there were twice as many prophets as the number which left Egypt, which would make 1, 200, 000 prophets.

Jewish theologian and rabbinic scholar David Novak suggests that there are three options:

( Alternatively, Lucien Gubbay suggests the name Medina could also have been a derivative from the Aramaic word Medinta, which the Jewish inhabitants could have used for the city.

Mason Klein, curator of a Man Ray exhibition at the Jewish Museum entitled Alias Man Ray: The Art of Reinvention, suggests that the artist may have been " the first Jewish avant-garde artist.

One explanation suggests Shealtiel died childless and therefore Pedaiah, his brother, married his widow according to a Jewish law regarding inheritance ().

He suggests, for instance, that Orwell may exaggerate the visceral contempt that the English middle classes hold for the working class, adding, however, that, " I may be a bad judge of the question, for I am a Jew, and passed the years of my early boyhood in a fairly close Jewish community ; and, among Jews of this type, class distinctions do not exist.

Historian Fernand Braudel suggests that in Cairo in the 11th century Muslim and Jewish merchants had already set up every form of trade association and had knowledge of every method of credit and payment, disproving the belief that these were invented later by Italians.

" Jacob ben Asher ( 14th century ) suggests that " tefillin " is derived from the Hebrew pelilah, " justice, evidence ," for tefillin act as a sign and proof of God's presence among the Jewish people.

Robert Funk also suggests that Jesus ' Jewish listeners were to identify with the robbed and wounded man.

" Halévy further suggests that, in real life, it was unlikely that a Samaritan would actually have been found on the road between Jericho and Jerusalem, although others claim that there was " nothing strange about a Samaritan travelling in Jewish territory.

The connection between the " Epistle of the Brethren of Purity " and Ismailism suggests the adoption of this work as one of the main sources of what would become known as " Jewish Ismailism " as found in Late Medieval Yemenite Judaism.

Despite this, a passage from the book of Acts suggests that both Pharisees and Sadducees collaborated in the Sanhedrin, the high Jewish court.

Cargill suggests that Qumran was established as a Hasmonean fort ( see below, " Qumran as fortress "), abandoned, and later reoccupied by Jewish settlers, who expanded the site in a communal, non-military fashion, and who were responsible for the Dead Sea Scrolls.

Robert Wardy suggests that what Aristotle rejects in supporting the use of logos " is not emotional appeal per se, but rather emotional appeals that have no ' bearing on the issue ,' in that the pathē they stimulate lack, or at any rate are not shown to possess, any intrinsic connection with the point at issue – as if an advocate were to try to whip an anti-Semitic audience into a fury because the accused is Jewish ; or as if another in drumming up support for a politician were to exploit his listeners's reverential feelings for the politician's ancestors.