Other Native American code talkers were deployed by the United States Army during World War II, including Cherokee, Choctaw, Lakota Meskwaki, and Comanche soldiers.

In turn, they were pushed to the west by the Lakota ( Sioux ), who took over the territory from the Black Hills of South Dakota to the Big Horn Mountains of Montana.

By 1851 the more numerous Lakota and Cheyenne were established just to the south and east of Crow territory in Montana.

Under the voting rules, abstentions were not counted but in Oglala Lakota culture, for example, abstention had traditionally equaled a no vote.

The Lakota were, thus, one of the few Indian tribes to increase in population in the 19th century.

The Black Hills were considered sacred by the Lakota, and they objected to mining.

The allied Lakota and Arapaho bands and the unified Northern Cheyenne were involved in much of the warfare after 1860.

The Santee and Lakota were forced to accept white-defined reservations in exchange for the rest of their lands, and domestic cattle and corn in exchange for buffalo.

In turn, they were pushed west by the more numerous Lakota.

In the centuries before European contact, the Cheyenne were, at times, allied with bands of the Lakota and Arapaho.

The Northern Cheyenne sharing land of the Lakota at Pine Ridge Indian Reservation were finally allowed to return to the Tongue River on their own reservation.

Along with the Lakota and Apache, the Cheyenne were the last nations to be subdued and placed on reservations.

They were subjected to continual raids by Lakota from the north and west.

At the time of European contact, the dominant tribe were the Assiniboine and the Lakota ( or Sioux, as the French colonists called them ).

At the time of European contact in the 16th century, the dominant tribes were the Assiniboine and the Lakota ( or Sioux, as the French colonists called them ).

Because the Lakota mythology is word of mouth, and traditionally there were no written records, most of the information about Iktomi in Lakota mythology has not been written down or recorded.

They were soon overcome by mounted Lakota and Cheyenne warriors who counterattacked en masse against Reno's exposed left flank, forcing Reno and his men to take cover in the trees along the river.

According to some Lakota accounts, many of the panicking soldiers threw down their weapons and either rode or ran towards the knoll where Custer, the other officers, and about 40 men were making a stand.

His body was taken to nearby Fort Yates for burial, but in 1953, his remains were possibly exhumed and reburied near Mobridge, South Dakota, by his Lakota family, who wanted his body to be nearer to his birthplace.

A famous victory for the Plains Nations was the Battle of the Little Big Horn in 1876, when Col. George Armstrong Custer and two hundred plus members of the 7th Cavalry were killed by a force consisting of Native Americans from the Lakota, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho nations.

The Niitsitapi were enemies of the Crow and Sioux ( Dakota, Lakota, and Nakota ) ( called pinaapisinaa-“ East Cree ”) on the Great Plains ; and the Shoshone, Flathead, Kalispel, Kootenai ( called kotonáá ' wa ) and Nez Perce ( called komonóítapiikoan ) in the mountain country to their west and southwest.

Between 1790 and 1850 the Nehiyaw-Pwat were at the height of their power-they could successfully defend their territories against the Sioux ( Lakota, Nakota and Dakota ) and the Niitsitapi Confederacy.

" The falls ( haha ) themselves were given specific names, mnirara " curling waters ," owahmenah " falling waters ," or owamni, " whirlpool " ( mniyomni in the Eastern Dakota dialect and owamniyomni in the Teton Dakota ( Lakota ) dialect.

His adopted son, a three-year-old Lakota boy named Reynold Abel, was eventually diagnosed with fetal alcohol syndrome.

Conflicts with Anishnaabe and Cree peoples pushed the Lakota west onto the Great Plains in the mid-to late-17th century.

As a result of Iroquois expansion and war with the Anishinaabeg Confederacy, eastern Nations such as the Lakota were pushed across the Mississippi onto the Great Plains.

Between 1876 and 1877, he participated in the campaign that scoured the Northern Plains after Lt. Col. George Armstrong Custer's defeat at the Battle of Little Big Horn and forced the Lakota and their allies onto reservations.

Fearing U. S. Army retaliation, Chief Joseph decided that the best way to avoid the official U. S. Government policy of forcing Native Americans onto reservations was to escape to Canada, where he believed that his people would be treated differently and they could unite with Sitting Bull, leader of a band of Lakota there.

Today, the Lakota are found mostly in the five reservations of western South Dakota: Rosebud Indian Reservation ( home of the Upper Sičangu or Brulé ), Pine Ridge Indian Reservation ( home of the Oglala ), Lower Brule Indian Reservation ( home of the Lower Sicangu ), Cheyenne River Indian Reservation ( home of several other of the seven Lakota bands, including the Mnikoju, Itazipco, Sihasapa and Oohenumpa ), and Standing Rock Indian Reservation ( home of the Hunkpapa ), also home to people from many bands.

Legally and by treaty a semi-autonomous " nation " within the United States, the Lakota Sioux are represented locally by officials elected to councils for the several reservations and communities in the Dakotas, Minnesota, Nebraska.

Lakota reservations recognized by the U. S. government include:

Some Lakota also live on other Sioux reservations in eastern South Dakota, Minnesota, and Nebraska:

" At the same time, military officials had a summer campaign underway to force the Lakota and Cheyenne back to their reservations, using infantry and cavalry in a three-pronged approach.

The Grant government set a deadline of January 31, 1876 for all Lakota and Arapaho wintering in the " unceded territory " to report to their designated agencies ( reservations ) or be considered " hostile ".

In February 1890, the United States government broke a Lakota treaty by adjusting the Great Sioux Reservation of South Dakota ( an area that formerly encompassed the majority of the state ) and breaking it up into five smaller reservations.

Although early in the war on June 25, 1876 the Lakota Sioux and Cheyenne enjoyed a major victory over army forces under General George A. Custer at the Battle of the Little Big Horn, the Great Sioux War ended in the defeat of the Sioux and their Cheyenne allies, and their exodus from eastern Montana and Wyoming, either in flight to Canada or by forced removal to distant reservations.

That same year last major resistance of the Sioux on the Lakota reservations, known as the Ghost Dance, brought Miles back into the field.

The expedition was part of a three-pronged campaign by some 2, 400 soldiers to force roughly between 600 and 1, 700 Lakota and Cheyenne warriors, and thousands of family noncombatants, to return to their reservations.

" Five Nations " refers to the five federally-recognized tribes in North Dakota: the Anishinaabe ( aka Chippewa and Métis of Turtle Mountain ) Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara Nation ( aka the Three Affiliated Tribes ), and the Lakota ( Spirit Lake, Standing Rock and Lake Traverse Indian Reservations ), or the five reservations in North Dakota: Fort Berthold Indian Reservation ( Three Affiliated Tribes ), Spirit Lake Indian Reservation ( Lakota ), Standing Rock Indian Reservation ( Lakota ), Lake Traverse Indian Reservation ( Lakota ), and Turtle Mountain Indian Reservation ( Anishinaabe and Métis ).

The large and powerful Arikara, Mandan, and Hidatsa villages had long prevented the Lakota from crossing the Missouri.

Ball players from the Choctaw and Lakota people | Lakota tribe as painted by George Catlin in the 1830s

* 1804 – The Teton Sioux ( a subdivision of the Lakota ) demand one of the boats from the Lewis and Clark Expedition as a toll for moving further upriver.

After about 1860, the Lakota Sioux claimed all the former Crow lands from the Black Hills of South Dakota to the Big Horn Mountains of Montana.

The Treaty of Fort Laramie ( 1868 ) with the United States confirmed the Lakota control over all the high plains from the Black Hills of the Dakotas westward across the Powder River Basin to the crest of the Big Horn Mountains.

Scenes of battle and horse raiding decorate a muslin Lakota tipi from the late 19th or early 20th century.

In 1776, the Lakota defeated the Cheyenne, who had earlier taken the region from the Kiowa.

They fought a successful delaying action against General George Crook's army at the Battle of the Rosebud, preventing Crook from locating and attacking their camp, and a week later defeated the U. S. 7th Cavalry in 1876 at the Battle of the Little Bighorn, which the Lakota call the Greasy Grass Fight.

It is a little known fact that some of the American Sign Language came from the Lakota Sioux.

* The Chairman of the Standing Rock reservation, which includes peoples from several Lakota subgroups including the Hunkpapa, is Charles W. Murphy.

* Lakota Freedom Delegation to Withdraw from Treaties in DC 2007 / 12 / 14

The Sioux comprise three major divisions based on Siouan dialect and subculture: Isáŋyathi or Isáŋathi (" Knife ," originating from the name of a lake in present-day Minnesota ), residing in the extreme east of the Dakotas, Minnesota and northern Iowa, and are often referred to as the Santee or Eastern Dakota ; Iháŋktȟuŋwaŋ and Iháŋktȟuŋwaŋna (" Village-at-the-end " and " little village-at-the-end "), residing in the Minnesota River area, they are considered to be the middle Sioux, and are often referred to as the Yankton and the Yanktonai, or, collectively, as the Wičhíyena ( endonym ) or the Western Dakota ( and have been erroneously classified as “ Nakota ”); Thítȟuŋwaŋ or Teton ( uncertain, perhaps " Dwellers on the Prairie "; this name is archaic among the natives, who prefer to call themselves Lakȟóta ), the westernmost Sioux, known for their hunting and warrior culture, are often referred to as the Lakota.

Red Cloud's War ( also referred to as the Bozeman War ) was an armed conflict between the Lakota and the United States in the Wyoming Territory and the Montana Territory from 1866 to 1868.

Around 150 Lakota are believed to have fled the chaos, many of whom may have died from hypothermia.

In the 18th century, they migrated west from Lakota warriors, but by the next century, bands of Lakota had followed them into the Black Hills and Powder River Country.

Historically, the Arapaho had assisted the Cheyenne and Lakota people in driving the Kiowa and Comanche south from the Northern Plains, their hunting area ranged from Montana to Texas.

Conflict between the Ponca and the Sioux / Lakota, who now claimed the land as their own by US law, forced the US to remove the Ponca from their own ancestral lands to Indian Territory in 1877, parts of the current Kay and Noble counties in Oklahoma.

** Kawarakis ( derived from the Arikara language Kawarusha-‘ Horse ’ and Pawnee language Kish-‘ People ’, some Pawnee argued that the Kawarakis spoke like the Arikara living to the north, so perhaps they belonged to the refugees ( 1794 – 1795 ) from Lakota aggression, who joined their Caddo kin living south )