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Latin and translation
With the loss of the study of ancient Greek in the early medieval Latin West, Aristotle was practically unknown there from c. AD 600 to c. 1100 except through the Latin translation of the Organon made by Boethius.
Alfred lamented in the preface to his translation of Gregory's Pastoral Care that " learning had declined so thoroughly in England that there were very few men on this side of the Humber who could understand their divine services in English, or even translate a single letter from Latin into English: and I suppose that there were not many beyond the Humber either ".
Alfred's first translation was of Pope Gregory the Great's Pastoral Care, which he prefaced with an introduction explaining why he thought it necessary to translate works such as this one from Latin into English.
Latin translation of Abū Maʿshar's De Magnis Coniunctionibus (‘ Of the great Conjunction ( astronomy and astrology ) | conjunctions ’), Venice, 1515. Astrology was taken up by Islamic scholars following the collapse of Alexandria to the Arabs in the 7th century, and the founding of the Abbasid empire in the 8th.
A 15th-century Latin translation of Plato's Timaeus
Only after the translation into Latin and the addition of commentary by van Schooten in 1649 ( and further work thereafter ) did Descarte's masterpiece receive due recognition.
The intended meaning was likely the first, which would be translated as Latin causātīvus or effectīvus, but the Latin term was a translation of the second.
Pococke's complete Latin translation was eventually published by Joseph White of Oxford in 1800.
The Latin translation helped the Life become one of the best known works of literature in the Christian world, a status it would hold through the Middle Ages.
Oreichalkos, the Ancient Greek translation of this term, was later adapted to the Latin aurichalcum meaning " golden copper " which became the standard term for brass.
He had access to two works of Eusebius: the Historia Ecclesiastica, and also the Chronicon, though he had neither in the original Greek ; instead he had a Latin translation of the Historia, by Rufinus, and Saint Jerome's translation of the Chronicon.
He knew rhetoric, and often used figures of speech and rhetorical forms which cannot easily be reproduced in translation, depending as they often do on the connotations of the Latin words.
He had a Latin translation by Evagrius of Athanasius's Life of Antony, and a copy of Sulpicius Severus ' Life of St. Martin.
This remarkable text, originally written in Latin, is extant only in the 1549 translation of Bishop John Ponet.
Jerome, in the introduction to his Latin translation of the books of Samuel and Kings ( part of the Vulgate ), referred to the book as a chronikon (" Chronicles " in English ).
They were first divided into separate books by the early Christian scholar Origen, in the 3rd century AD, and the separation became entrenched in the 5th century AD when it was followed by Jerome in his Latin translation of the Bible.
1 and 2 Samuel were originally ( and still is in some Jewish bibles ) a single book, but the first Greek translation, produced in the centuries immediately before Christ, divided it into two ; this was adopted by the Latin translation used in the early Christian church of the West, and finally introduced into Jewish bibles around the early 16th century CE.
The Greek Orthodox branch of Christianity continues to use the Greek translation ( the Septuagint ), but when a Latin translation ( called the Vulgate ) was made for the Western church, Kingdoms was first retitled the Book of Kings, parts One to Four, and eventually both Kings and Samuel were separated into two books each.
Jerome recognized them as additions not present in the Hebrew Text and placed them at the end of his Latin translation as chapters 10: 4-16: 24.
In his 1534 translation, William Tyndale translated the phrase in Jonah 2: 1 as " greate fyshe ," and he translated the word ketos ( Greek ) or cetus ( Latin ) in as " whale ".

Latin and confirmed
Its Indo-European origins are confirmed by the many cognate words in other Indo-European languages: It is cognate with Greek πέρδομαι ( perdomai ), Latin pēdĕre, Sanskrit pardate, Avestan pərəδaiti, Italian pettare, French " péter ", Russian пердеть ( perdet ') and Polish " pierd " << PIE * perd wind loudly or * pezd same, softly, all of which mean the same thing.
The second, Charmes ( from the Latin carmina, meaning " songs " and also " incantations "), further confirmed his reputation as a major French poet.
This view is confirmed by the " Prague Fragments " and by certain Old Glagolitic liturgical fragments brought from Jerusalem to Kiev and there discovered by Saresnewsky — probably the oldest document for the Slavonic tongue ; these adhere closely to the Latin type, as is shown by the words " Mass ," " Preface ," and the name of one Felicitas.
The first to hear confirmed information of the Gold Rush were the people in Oregon, the Sandwich Islands ( Hawaii ), and Latin America, who were the first to start flocking to the state in late 1848.
The Latin Rule of the Order was confirmed at the Council of Troyes in 1129.
The Latin Rule laying down the way of life of the Order, attributed to Hugues de Payens and Bernard of Clairvaux, was confirmed in 1129 at the Council of Troyes over which Pope Honorius II presided.
The canonical Christian Bible was formally established by Bishop Cyril of Jerusalem in 350 ( although it had been generally accepted by the church previously ), confirmed by the Council of Laodicea in 363 ( both lacked the book of Revelation ), and later established by Athanasius of Alexandria in 367 ( with Revelation added ), and Jerome's Vulgate Latin translation dates to between AD 382 and 420.
And the identification is confirmed by the fact that in the now destroyed church of the Guillemins was a tombstone of Mandeville, with a Latin inscription stating that he was otherwise named " ad Barbam ", was a professor of medicine, and died at Liège on November 17, 1372: this inscription is quoted as far back as 1462.
The structure of the Greek church was not significantly changed by the Latins, and Pope Innocent III confirmed the first Latin archbishop of Athens, Berard, in all his Greek predecessors ' rights and jurisdictions.
The result was a synod held in Spilt in 926, which confirmed John ’ s request ; it forbade the ordination of anyone ignorant of Latin, and forbade Mass to be said in the Slav tongue, except when there was a shortage of priests.
This charter, written in Latin, confirmed that the estate had been given by one Athulf to his daughter Aethelgyth.
This is confirmed by some Latin Fathers of the 4th and 5th Centuries CE ; including Ambrose, and Augustine.
The name " Meridian ", which derives from the Latin meridionālis meaning " of the south ", may also be linked to the Prime Meridian ( the boundary between the Western and Eastern Hemispheres of the globe, and a key landmark in the measurement of time ), which passes through the middle of the region, although this has not been confirmed.
As confirmed by the Peace of Westphalia, the possession of imperial immediacy came with a particular form of territorial authority known as territorial superiority (' Landeshoheit ' or ' superioritas territorialis ' in German and Latin documents of the time ).< ref > Lebeau, Christine, ed.
In an interview with Nintendo's Official Latin American Magazine, Shigeru Miyamoto confirmed that Pikmin 3 is going to be on the Wii.
Maná members confirmed that they support the Puerto Rican Independence Movement and favor greater sovereignty for the Latin American and Caribbean island-nation.
A Papal bull of Pope Honorius III confirmed the charter in the same year ; however, in the copy approved by the Vatican, " Brodnicorum " was replaced by " Blacorum " ( i. e., " Vlachs " in Latin ).
And the identification is confirmed by the fact that in the now destroyed church of the Guillemins was a tombstone of Mandeville, with a Latin inscription stating that he was otherwise named " ad Barbam ", was a professor of medicine, and died at Liège on November 17, 1372: this inscription is quoted as far back as 1462.

Latin and by
It may be thought unfortunate that he was called on entirely by accident to perform, if again we may trust the opening of the oratio, for it marks the beginning for us of his use of his peculiar form of witty word play that even in this Latin banter has in it the unmistakable element of viciousness and an almost sadistic delight in verbally tormenting an adversary.
But the Latin American republics who have been rather inclined to drag their feet on taking action against Castro also reacted swiftly last week by finally throwing Cuba off the Inter-American Defense Board.
Political interference in Africa and Asia and even in Latin America ( though limited in Latin America by the special interest of the United States as expressed in the Monroe Doctrine, itself from the outset related to European politics and long dependent upon the `` balance of power '' system in Europe ) was necessary in order to preserve both common economic values and the European `` balance '' itself.
During the nineteenth century these views were protested by virtually all the Latin American writers, though ineffectively, just as the new nations of Africa and Asia protest them, with more effect, today.
Most of them, the world over, operate on the same principle by which justice is administered in France and some other Latin countries: the customer is to be considered guilty of abysmal ignorance until proven otherwise, with the burden of proof on the customer himself.
In the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, interest in Aristotle revived and Latin Christians had translations made, both from Arabic translations, such as those by Gerard of Cremona, and from the original Greek, such as those by James of Venice and William of Moerbeke.
However, while Apollo has a great number of appellations in Greek myth, only a few occur in Latin literature, chief among them Phoebus ( ; Φοίβος, Phoibos, literally " radiant "), which was very commonly used by both the Greeks and Romans in Apollo's role as the god of light.
Some adaptations of the Latin alphabet are augmented with ligatures, such as æ in Old English and Icelandic and Ȣ in Algonquian ; by borrowings from other alphabets, such as the thorn þ in Old English and Icelandic, which came from the Futhark runes ; and by modifying existing letters, such as the eth ð of Old English and Icelandic, which is a modified d. Other alphabets only use a subset of the Latin alphabet, such as Hawaiian, and Italian, which uses the letters j, k, x, y and w only in foreign words.
The names were abandoned in Latin, which instead referred to the letters by adding a vowel ( usually e ) before or after the consonant ( the exception is zeta, which was retained from Greek ).
The name Asia Minor was given by the Latin author Orosios in the 4th century AD.
The separation of curium and americium was so painstaking that those elements were initially called by the Berkeley group as pandemonium ( from Greek for all demons or hell ) and delirium ( from Latin for madness ).
Romansh, spoken by two percent of the population in southeast Switzerland, is an ancient Rheato-Romanic language derived from Latin, remnants of ancient Celtic languages and perhaps Etruscan.
The traditional etymology is from the Latin aperire, " to open ," in allusion to its being the season when trees and flowers begin to " open ," which is supported by comparison with the modern Greek use of ἁνοιξις ( anoixis ) ( opening ) for spring.
A novel called Hayy ibn Yaqdhan, based on Avicenna's story, was later written by Ibn Tufail ( Abubacer ) in the 12th century and translated into Latin and English as Philosophus Autodidactus in the 17th and 18th centuries respectively.
Galileo announced his discovery that Venus had phases like the Moon in the form " Haec immatura a me iam frustra leguntur-oy " ( Latin: These immature ones have already been read in vain by me-oy ), that is, when rearranged, " Cynthiae figuras aemulatur Mater Amorum " ( Latin: The Mother of Loves Venus imitates the figures of Cynthia the moon ).
He wrote the grammatical rules for the Vulgate Latin spoken by some illiterates in Europe at his time.
Ammianus relates ( xvii. 1. 11 ) that much later the Emperor Julian undertook a punitive expedition against the Alemanni, who by then were in Alsace, and crossed the Main ( Latin Menus ), entering the forest, where the trails were blocked by felled trees.

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