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The Míkmaq (; Mi ' kmaq: ) are a First Nations people, indigenous to the northeastern region of New England, Canada's Atlantic Provinces, and the Gaspé Peninsula of Quebec.
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Míkmaq and Mi
The ethnonym has traditionally been spelled Micmac in English, but the natives have used different spellings: Mi ’ kmaq ( singular Mi ’ kmaw ) by the Míkmaq of Prince Edward Island and Nova Scotia, Miigmaq ( Miigmao ) by the Míkmaq of New Brunswick, Mi ’ gmaq by the Listuguj Council in Quebec, or Mìgmaq ( Mìgmaw ) in some native literature.
The Mi ' kmaw Resource Guide states that " Míkmaq " means " the family ":
The Mi ' kmaq language ( spelled and pronounced Micmac historically and now often Migmaw or Mikmaw in English, and Míkmaq, Míkmaw or Mìgmao in Mi ' kmaq ) is an Eastern Algonquian language spoken by nearly 11, 000 Mi ' kmaq in Canada and the United States out of a total ethnic Mi ' kmaq population of roughly 20, 000.
The Listuguj Mi ' gmaq First Nation ( in Francis-Smith orthography Listukuj Míkmaq ) is a Canadian First Nations community with a registered population ( 2003 ) of 3152 members, most of whom are of Mi ' gmaq ancestry.
Míkmaq and First
The nation has a population of about 40, 000 ( plus 21, 429 in the Qalipu First Nation ), of whom nearly 11, 000 speak the Míkmaq language.
Míkmaq and people
Lnu ( the adjectival and singular noun, previously spelled " L ' nu "; the plural is Lnúk, Lnu ’ k, Lnu ’ g, or Lnùg ) is the self-recognized term for the Míkmaq of New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Quebec and Maine, meaning " human being " or " the people ".
Míkmaq hieroglyphic writing was a writing system and memory aid used by the Míkmaq, a Native American people of the east coast of what is now Canada.
The reserve is located in the traditional territory of the people of Kwesawék Amlamkuk, which roughly translated from the Míkmaq language means " the delta where the multicoloured rivers meet ".
Míkmaq and New
Father le Clercq, a Roman Catholic missionary on the Gaspé Peninsula in New France from 1675, claimed that he had seen some Míkmaq children ' writing ' symbols on birchbark as a memory aid.
Restigouche, deriving from the Míkmaq name Listuguj ( in Francis-Smith orthography Listukuj ), is the name of several geographic and political features in northern New Brunswick and neighbouring Quebec:
* Restigouche, Míkmaq community in The Gaspe Peninsula of Quebec, Canada, across the Restigouche River from Campbellton, New Brunswick.
Míkmaq and Atlantic
Cape Breton Island (-formerly Île Royale, Scottish Gaelic: Ceap Breatainn or Eilean Cheap Bhreatainn, Míkmaq: Únamakika, simply: Cape Breton ) is an island on the Atlantic coast of North America.
Míkmaq and Quebec
; Quebec: From the Míkmaq kepék, " strait, narrows "
Míkmaq and .
" John's Island " in reference to the island's former name of St. John's Island: the English translation of Île Saint Jean ); in Míkmaq as Abegweit or Epekwitk roughly translated " land cradled in the waves ".
Once written in Míkmaq hieroglyphic writing, it is now written using most letters of the standard Latin alphabet.
The Míkmaq prefer to use one of the three current Míkmaq orthographies when writing the language.
Various explanations exist for the origin of the term Míkmaq.
:# Possibly derived from the Míkmaq word akatik, pronounced roughly " agadik ", meaning " place ", which French-speakers spelled as-cadie in place names such as Shubenacadie and Tracadie, possibly coincidentally.
Scholars have debated whether the earliest known Míkmaq " hieroglyphs " from the 17th century qualified fully as a writing system, rather than as a pictographic mnemonic device.
In the 17th century, French missionary Chrétien Le Clercq adapted the Míkmaq characters as a logographic system for pedagogical purposes.
This would mean that Míkmaq is the oldest writing system for a native language north of Mexico.
Text of the Rite of Confirmation in Míkmaq hieroglyphs.
This adapted writing system proved popular among Míkmaq, and was still in use in the 19th century.
The relationship of these symbols with Míkmaq petroglyphs is also unclear.
Biologist and epigrapher Barry Fell, who claimed that various pre-Columbian inscriptions in the Americas were written by Europeans, argued that Míkmaq hieroglyphic writing was not only pre-Columbian but Egyptian in origin.
Listuguj is also used as a name for one of the Míkmaq orthographies.
(; and Mi
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(; and are
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