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M-325 and SIGFOY
In the history of cryptography, M-325, also known as SIGFOY, was an American rotor machine designed by William F. Friedman in 1936.
An M-325 ( SIGFOY ) cipher machine together with some spare rotors on display at the National Cryptologic Museum, Ft. Mead, MD USA.

M-325 and was
Friedman applied for a patent on the M-325 on 11 August 1944 ; it was granted on 17 March 1959 ( US patent # 2, 877, 565 ).

M-325 and by
* Operating and Keying Instructions for Converter M-325 ( T ) Headquarters, Army Security Agency, July 1948, scanned and transcribed by Bob Lord.

M-325 and Enigma
Like the Enigma, the M-325 contains three intermediate rotors and a reflecting rotor.

M-325 and .
Friedman patented the design of the M-325 in US patent # 2, 877, 565.
* Louis Kruh, Converter M-325 ( T ), Cryptologia 1, 1977, pp143 – 149.
* Friedman M-325 — information and photographs.
M-325, image from US patent # 2, 877, 565.

cipher and machine
Bletchley Park is mainly remembered for breaking messages enciphered on the German Enigma cypher machine, but its greatest cryptographic achievement may have been the breaking of the German on-line teleprinter Lorenz cipher ( known at GC & CS as Tunny ).
However, this cipher is not a machine cipher and as such is not readily suitable for telecommunications.
Close-up of the rotors in a Fialka cipher machine
In 1929 the Polish mathematician Marian Rejewski, who would solve the German Enigma cipher machine in December 1932, began studying actuarial statistics at Göttingen.
An Enigma machine is any of a family of related electro-mechanical rotor cipher machines used for the encryption and decryption of secret messages.
* Mercury ( cipher machine ), a British cipher machine from the 1950s
* M4 ( cipher ), a variant of the Enigma machine
Much of the German cipher traffic was encrypted on the Enigma machine.
The exception was the Italian Navy which, early in 1941, started using a version of the Hagelin rotor-based cipher machine called the C-38.
In the Pacific theater, the Japanese cipher machine dubbed " Purple " by the Americans, was used for highest-level Japanese diplomatic traffic.
It produced a polyalphabetic substitution cipher, but unlike the Enigma machines, it was not a rotor machine, being built around electrical stepping switches.
In the film, a World War II German submarine is boarded in 1942 by disguised United States Navy submariners seeking to capture her Enigma cipher machine.
The first capture of a Naval Enigma machine and associated cipher keys from a U-boat were made on May 9, 1941 by HMS Bulldog of Britain's Royal Navy, commanded by Captain Joe Baker-Cresswell.
** A German Lorenz cipher machine operator sends a 4, 000-character message twice, allowing British mathematician Bill Tutte to decipher the machine's coding mechanism.
The Cipher Bureau breaks the German Enigma cipher and overcomes the ever-growing structural and operating complexities of the evolving Enigma machine | Enigma with plugboard, the main German cipher device during World War II.
The cipher machine ( and its many revisions ) was used until the live-1950s when other more modern military encryption systems came into use.
The Japanese Navy did not cooperate with the Army in cipher machine development, continuing to the war.
In any case, the Japanese Navy had planned to develop their first cipher machine for the following London Naval Treaty.
In 1928, the chief designer Kazuo Tanabe ( 田辺一雄 ) and Navy Commander, Genichiro Kakimoto ( 柿本権一郎 ) developed a prototype of Red, Ō-bun taipuraita-shiki angō-ki ( 欧文タイプライタ暗号機 ) (" Roman-typewriter cipher machine ").
The prototype used the same principle as the Kryha cipher machine, having a plug-board, and was used by the Japanese Navy and Ministry of Foreign Affairs at negotiations for the London Naval Treaty in 1930.

cipher and was
Originally called Rijndael, the cipher was developed by two Belgian cryptographers, Joan Daemen and Vincent Rijmen, who submitted to the AES selection process.
This announcement followed a five-year standardization process in which fifteen competing designs were presented and evaluated, before the Rijndael cipher was selected as the most suitable ( see Advanced Encryption Standard process for more details ).
The publication of the DES cipher by the U. S. National Bureau of Standards ( now National Institute of Standards and Technology, NIST ) in 1977 was fundamental in the public understanding of modern block cipher design.
The concept of zero ( which was also called " cipher "), which we all now think of as natural, was alien to medieval Europe, so confusing and ambiguous to common Europeans that in arguments people would say " talk clearly and not so far fetched as a cipher ".
When the Data Encryption Standard cipher was released in 1977, a key length of 56 bits was thought to be sufficient.
There was speculation at the time, however, that the NSA has deliberately reduced the key size from the original value of 112 bits ( in IBM's Lucifer cipher ) or 64 bits ( in one of the versions of what was adopted as DES ) so as to limit the strength of encryption available to non-US users.
This time, IBM submitted a candidate which was deemed acceptable — a cipher developed during the period 1973 – 1974 based on an earlier algorithm, Horst Feistel's Lucifer cipher.
In 1888, the Isis-Urania Temple was founded in London, where the rituals decoded from the cipher manuscripts were developed and practiced.
In cryptography, the International Data Encryption Algorithm ( IDEA ) is a block cipher designed by James Massey of ETH Zurich and Xuejia Lai and was first described in 1991.
IDEA is a minor revision of an earlier cipher, Proposed Encryption Standard ( PES ); IDEA was originally called Improved PES ( IPES ).
The cipher was designed under a research contract with the Hasler Foundation, which became part of Ascom-Tech AG.
IDEA was used in Pretty Good Privacy ( PGP ) v2. 0, and was incorporated after the original cipher used in v1. 0, BassOmatic, was found to be insecure.
MediaCrypt AG is now offering a successor to IDEA and focuses on its new cipher ( official release on May 2005 ) IDEA NXT, which was previously called FOX.
* Alberti was an accomplished cryptographer by the standard of his day, and invented the first polyalphabetic cipher which is now known as the Alberti cipher and machine-assisted encryption using his Cipher Disk.
The polyalphabetic cipher was, at least in principle, for it was not properly used for several hundred years, the most significant advance in cryptography since before Julius Caesar's time.

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