The area became a focal point of conflict between Christianity and Islam between 1096 and 1291 and from the end of the Crusades until the British conquest in 1917 was part of the Syrian province of first the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt and then ( from 1517 ) the Ottoman Empire.

Between 1318-20, the Mamluk Governor of Gaza ( a province which included Hebron ) Sanjar al-Jawli ordered the construction of the Amir Jawli Mosque within the Haram enclosure to enlarge the prayer space and accommodate worshipers.

Arab geographer al-Dimashqi noted that Kolzum belonged to the Mamluk province of al-Karak at the time.

Following the French invasion of Egypt in 1798 and Napoleon's defeat of Egyptian forces, which consisted largely of the ruling Mamluk military caste, the Ottoman Empire dispatched troops from Rumelia ( the Balkan provinces of the Ottoman Empire ) under the command of Muhammad Ali Pasha to restore the Empire's authority in what had hitherto been an Ottoman province.

The Mamluk Sultan Qutuz at that time allied with a fellow Mamluk, Baibars, who wanted to defend Islam after the Mongols captured Damascus and most of Bilad al-Sham.

With this mobile striking force, the conquest of Syria was made easy. A Mamluk cavalryman

Subsequently, the Druze chiefs of the Gharb placed their considerable military experience at the disposal of the Mamluk rulers of Egypt ( 1250 – 1516 ); first, to assist them in putting an end to what remained of Crusader rule in coastal Syria, and later to help them safeguard the Syrian coast against Crusader retaliation by sea.

Having cleared Syria of the Franks, the Mamluk Sultans of Egypt turned their attention to the schismatic Muslims of Syria.

In 1291 the Mamluk advance into Syria compelled the friars on Carmel to abandon their monastery ; but on dispersing through Western Europe they found that Western Carmelite congregations – especially in Italy – had largely abandoned the eremetic and ascetic ideal, adopting instead the conventual life and mission of the other Mendicant orders.

Egyptian Mamluk Sultan, Baibars ( 1260 – 1277 ) conquered Palestine and the Mamluks ruled it until 1517, regarding it as part of Syria.

Kitbuqa was killed and all of Syria fell under Mamluk control.

His troops, invading Syria, destroyed Mamluk resistance in 1516 at Marj Dabaq, north of Aleppo.

* Baibars, Mamluk Sultan of Egypt and Syria ( d. 1277 )

* Timur defeats both the Ottoman Empire and the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt to capture the city of Damascus in present-day Syria.

* 1271 – April 8 – Mamluk sultan Baibars continues his territorial expansion, capturing the strategically important castle Krak des Chevaliers from the Knights Hospitaller in present-day Syria.

* 1280 – Syria attempts to secede from the Mamluk sultanate of Egypt, but Qalawun defeats the rebels and keeps Syria within the Egyptian sultanate.

* 1281 – October 29 – Mamluk sultan Qalawun defeats an invasion of Syria by Mongol Ilkhan Abaqa Khan at the Battle of Homs.

* 1285 – April 25 – Mamluk sultan Qalawun begins a siege of the Crusader fortress of Margat ( in present-day Syria ), a major stronghold of the Knights Hospitaller thought to be impregnable ; he captures the fortress a month later.

* 1287 – Mamluk sultan Qalawun captures the port city of Latakia in present-day Syria.

* April 8 – Mamluk sultan Baibars continues his territorial expansion, capturing the strategically important castle Krak des Chevaliers from the Knights Hospitaller in present-day Syria.

* Syria attempts to secede from the Mamluk sultanate of Egypt, but Qalawun defeats the rebels and keeps Syria within the Egyptian sultanate.

* October 29 – Second Battle of Homs: Mamluk sultan Qalawun defeats an invasion of Syria by Mongol Ilkhan Abaqa Khan.

* April 25 – Mamluk sultan Qalawun begins a siege of the Crusader fortress of Margat ( in present-day Syria ), a major stronghold of the Knights Hospitaller thought to be impregnable ; he captures the fortress a month later.

* Mamluk sultan Qalawun captures the port city of Latakia in present-day Syria.

Still, when Napoleon arrived in Cairo in 1798, the city's population was less than 300, 000, forty percent lower than it was at the height of Mamluk — and Cairene — influence in the mid-14th century.

They spread its use into North Africa where it was adopted by Mamluk Egyptians and the Sudanese who produced it until the early 20th century.

Khan claims that it was invading Mongols who introduced gunpowder to the Islamic world and cites Mamluk antagonism towards early musketeers in their infantry as an example of how gunpowder weapons were not always met with open acceptance in the Middle East.

As with Mamluk Egypt, the Tughlaq Dynasty was a rare vestigial example of Muslim rule in Asia after the Mongol invasion.

During Louis ' captivity, Turanshah was overthrown by his Mamluk soldiers, led by the general Aybak, who then released Louis in May in return for Damietta and a large ransom.

On the way back to Egypt, the Mamluk sultan Qutuz was assassinated by the general Baibars, who was far less favourable than his predecessor to alliances with the Franks.

Muslim control of Lebanon was reestablished in the late 13th century under the Mamluk sultans of Egypt.

He was succeeded by his son Muhammad ibn Badlay who sent envoys to the Sultan of Mamluk Egypt to gather support and arms in the continuing war against the Christian empire.

The peninsula was governed as part of Egypt under the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt from 1260 until 1517, when the Ottoman Sultan, Selim the Grim, defeated the Egyptians at the Battles of Marj Dabiq and al-Raydaniyya, and incorporated Egypt into the Ottoman Empire.

According to Hamid S. Hosseini, the power of supply and demand was understood to some extent by several early Muslim scholars, such as fourteenth-century Mamluk scholar Ibn Taymiyyah, who wrote:

Minute descriptions of Hebron were recorded in Stephen von Gumpenberg ’ s Journal ( 1449 ), by Felix Fabri ( 1483 ) and by Mejr ed-Din It was in this period, also, that the Mamluk Sultan Qa ' it Bay revived the old custom of the Hebron " table of Abraham ," and exported it as a model for his own madrasa in Medina.

This notion was developed also during the time of the Mamluk Empire.

Specifically, it was developed by the Muslim jurist and historian Al-Maqrizi ( 1364 – 1442 ) who wrote about a particular period in the Mamluk dynasty when the rulers were simultaneously increasing the supply of a lower valued ( copper ) currency and hoarding the more valued ( gold and silver ) currencies.

This notion was also developed during the time of the Mamluk Empire, as noted above.

The Masyaf branch of the Assassins was taken over by the Mamluk Sultan Baibars in 1273.

The Syrian branch of the Assassins was taken over by the Mamluk Sultan Baibars in 1273.

The Abbasids ' rule was briefly ended for three years in 1258, when Hulagu Khan, the Mongol khan, sacked Baghdad, resuming in Mamluk Egypt in 1261, from where they continued to claim authority in religious matters until 1519, when power was formally transferred to the Ottoman Empire and the capital relocated to Constantinople.

For much of their rule, the city was desolate in the Mamluk period between the 13th and 16th centuries.