In 1947 and 1948 the necessity of massive coordinated efforts to achieve economic recovery led to the formation of the Organization for European Economic Cooperation to supervise and coordinate the uses of American aid under the Marshall Plan.

`` One, modern equipment -- much of it supplied under the Marshall Plan -- enables Fiat to turn out 2,100 cars a day.

* 1948 – President Harry S. Truman signs the Marshall Plan, authorizing $ 5 billion in aid for 16 countries.

In a June 5, 1947 speech, comporting with the Truman Doctrine, Marshall announced a comprehensive program of American assistance to all European countries wanting to participate, including the Soviet Union and those of Eastern Europe, called the Marshall Plan.

Fearing American political, cultural and economic penetration, Stalin eventually forbade Soviet Eastern bloc countries of the newly formed Cominform from accepting Marshall Plan aid.

In Czechoslovakia, that required a Soviet-backed Czechoslovak coup d ' état of 1948, the brutality of which shocked Western powers more than any event so far and set in a motion a brief scare that war would occur and swept away the last vestiges of opposition to the Marshall Plan in the United States Congress.

After the Marshall Plan, the introduction of a new currency to Western Germany to replace the debased Reichsmark and massive electoral losses for communist parties in 1946, in June 1948, the Soviet Union cut off surface road access to Berlin.

The Eastern leaders retaliated against these steps by integrating the economies of their nations in Comecon, their version of the Marshall Plan ; exploding the first Soviet atomic device in 1949 ; signing an alliance with People's Republic of China in February 1950 ; and forming the Warsaw Pact, Eastern Europe's counterpart to NATO, in 1955.

In a crucial contribution to the economic stability of post-War Europe, Attlee's cabinet was instrumental in promoting the American Marshall Plan for the economic recovery of Europe.

After the war, the U. S. rose to become the dominant non-colonial economic power with broad influence in much of the world, with the key policies of the Marshall Plan and the Truman Doctrine.

Eisenhower's stint as president of Columbia University was punctuated by his activity within the Council on Foreign Relations, a study group he led as president concerning the political and military implications of the Marshall Plan, and The American Assembly, Eisenhower's " vision of a great cultural center where business, professional and governmental leaders could meet from time to time to discuss and reach conclusions concerning problems of a social and political nature ".

* European Recovery Program ( official name of the Marshall Plan )

Capra was assigned to work directly under Chief of Staff George C. Marshall, the most senior officer in command of the Army, who would later create the Marshall Plan and be awarded a Nobel Peace Prize.

As a consequence, Finland did not participate in the Marshall Plan, and took neutral positions on Soviet overseas initiatives.

Contrary to popular belief, the Marshall Plan, which was extended to also include Western Germany after it was realized that the suppression of the Western German economy was holding back the recovery of the rest of Europe, was not the main force behind the Wirtschaftswunder.

The amount of monetary aid ( which was in the form of loans ) received by Germany through the Marshall Plan ( about $ 1. 65 billion in total ) was far overshadowed by the amount the Germans had to pay back as war reparations and by the charges the Allies made on the Germans for the ongoing cost of occupation ( about $ 2. 4 billion per year ).

The 1948 Marshall Plan and strong cultural ties have crafted a strong bond between the two countries, although Schröder's very vocal opposition to the Iraq War suggested the end of Atlanticism and a relative cooling of German-American relations.

The recovery was accelerated by the currency reform of June 1948, U. S. gifts of $ 1. 4 billion as part of the Marshall Plan, the breaking down of old trade barriers and traditional practices, and the opening of the global market.

The currency reforms were simultaneous with the $ 1. 4 billion in Marshall Plan money coming in from the United States, which was used primarily for investment.

In addition, the Marshall Plan forced German companies, as well as those in all of Western Europe, to modernize their business practices and take account of the international market.

Marshall Plan funding helped overcome bottlenecks in the surging economy caused by remaining controls ( which were removed in 1949 ), and Marshall Plan business reforms opened up a greatly expanded market for German exports.

He was right, and Peter Marshall could not help but recall Andrew Cordier's words on the subject, `` Well, it seemed as good a place as any to do the job ''.

It was apparent that Welch was in cahoots with Marshall and would use his power as D.A. to drag every possible sensation into the case.

In an age of oratory, he was the king of orators, and both he himself and Chief Justice Marshall were bathed in manly tears, as Uncle Dan'l reached his thundering climax:

Marshall was particularly discouraged after personally meeting with Stalin, who expressed little interest in a solution to German economic problems.

Their story was later recounted in the books Alive: The Story of the Andes Survivors and Miracle in the Andes as well as the film Alive, by Frank Marshall, and the documentaries Alive: 20 Years Later ( 1993 ) and Stranded: I've Come from a Plane that Crashed in the Mountains ( 2008 ).

This situation was resolved due to the efforts of Cyrus Adler, professor of Semitic languages at Johns Hopkins University and founder of the Jewish Publication Society, who convinced a number of wealthy German Reform Jews including Jacob Schiff, David and Simon Guggenheim, Mayer Sulzberger, and Louis Marshall, to contribute $ 500, 000 to the faltering JTS.

As the law of corporations was articulated by the Supreme Court under Chief Justice Marshall, over the first several decades of the new American state, emphasis fell, in a way which seems natural to us today, upon commercial corporations.

The proposition that special operations by the CIA in Saudi Arabia affected the prices of Soviet oil was refuted by Marshall Goldman — one of the leading experts on the economy of the Soviet Union — in his latest book.

The movie was directed by George Marshall and is a remake of a 1932 version starring Tom Mix.

* An almost shot-for-shot remake of the 1939 production, Destry ( 1954 ), was also directed by George Marshall and stars Audie Murphy and Thomas Mitchell.

The Regime of Marshall Mobutu Sese Seko lasted 32 years ( 1965 – 1997 ), during which all but the first seven years the country was named Zaire.

An agreement was struck, but as the deal was about to be finalized, Marshall called for a change in terms.

After a few Marshall expletives, Murchison gave the rights to " Hail to the Redskins " to Marshall for his vote, the lone one against Murchison getting a franchise at that time, and a rivalry was born.

Then he was appointed Assistant Chief of Staff in charge of the new Operations Division ( which replaced WPD ) under Chief of Staff General George C. Marshall, who spotted talent and promoted accordingly.

In particular, Eisenhower was criticized for failing to defend George Marshall from attacks by Joseph McCarthy, though he privately deplored McCarthy's tactics and claims.

The Copycat project was subsequently extended under the name " Metacat " by Hofstadter's doctoral student James Marshall.

In 1952, the upright bass was a standard instrument in rock and roll music, Marshall Lytle of Bill Haley & His Comets being but one example.

Marshall Field was at first unimpressed by the impecunious Beatty as a future son-in-law, but was persuaded by his heroic reputation, impressive record of promotion and future prospects.

He was replaced by the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces headed by Field Marshall Mohamed Hussein Tantawi, which dissolved the Parliament of Egypt, suspended the Constitution of Egypt, and promised free, open presidential and parliamentary elections before the year's end and within six months.

Marshall sat in one of the several leather chairs.

Marshall pondered the reason for this, and pondered too the replacement of one member of the three-man group.

We had a couple of schools in this country, the principal one being on the Marshall Field estate out in Lloyd's Neck.

Out hunting one day he chanced to meet Ethel Tree ( 1873-17 July 1932, Northamptonshire ), daughter of Chicago department store founder Marshall Field.

Of note, Botham's first 202 wickets came at 21. 20 per wicket, while his final 181 cost on average 36. 43 apiece ; the first average is one that would make Botham one of the greatest bowlers of the modern era, ranking alongside the West Indian greats Curtly Ambrose ( career average 20. 99 ), Malcolm Marshall ( career average 20. 94 ), and Joel Garner ( career average 20. 97 ), but the second average depicts a player who, as a specialist bowler, would be unable to sustain a place in many Test teams.

In just one month in 1944, Americans captured Kwajalein Atoll, Majuro and Enewetak, and in the next two months the rest of the Marshall Islands except Wotje, Mili, Maloelap and Jaluit.

There is one post-secondary institution in the Marshall Islands — the College of the Marshall Islands.

In one of the clearest signs of Soviet control over the region, the Czechoslovakian foreign minister, Jan Masaryk, was summoned to Moscow and berated by Stalin for thinking of joining the Marshall Plan.

Stalin ordered one of his best NKVD agents, General Nikolai Skoblin, to pass Heydrich false information suggesting that Marshall Mikhail Tukhachevsky and other Soviet generals were plotting against Stalin.

Washington's defense, which ranked third in the NFL in fewest yards allowed ( 4, 638 ), was led by all-pro defensive back Darrell Green, who was one of the fastest players in the NFL, and Pro Bowl linebacker Wilber Marshall.

A reason Von Braun, head of NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center during the 1960s, advocated for a smaller station after his large one was not built was that he wished to provide his employees with work beyond developing the Saturn rockets, which would be completed relatively early during Project Apollo.

Well known for his wit and sense of humor, one of Marshall's most enduring jokes came during a Senate debate in which, in response to Senator Joseph Bristow's catalog of the nation's needs, Marshall quipped the often-repeated phrase, " What this country needs is a really good five-cent cigar ", provoking laughter.

Marshall argued that no convention was needed because the existing constitution did not call for one.

During a Senate debate in 1917, as Senator Joseph L. Bristow cataloged a long list of what he felt the country needed, Marshall leaned over to one of his clerks and said, " What this country needs is more of this ; what this country needs is more of that.

Claire Suddath rated Marshall as one of the worst vice presidents in American history in a 2008 Time Magazine article.

Charles Thomas, one of Marshall's biographers, wrote that although Marshall's assumption of the presidency would have made World War II much less likely, modern hypothetical speculation on the subject was unfair to Marshall, who made the correct decision in not forcibly removing Wilson from office, even temporarily.

Later, Chief Justice John Marshall suggested that the judgment of one state court must be recognized by other states ' courts as final.

Marshall died on August 9, 1969, and Edward Bennett Williams, a minority stockholder who was a Washington resident and one of America's most esteemed attorneys, was chosen to run the franchise while the majority stockholder, Jack Kent Cooke, lived in Los Angeles and ran his basketball team, the Los Angeles Lakers.