Medieval poetical literature is full of allusions that can be traced to the Physiologus tradition ; the text also exerted great influence on the symbolism of medieval ecclesiastical art: symbols like those of the phoenix rising from its ashes and the pelican feeding her young with her own blood are still well-known.

Medieval theologians, newly exposed to Aristotle's philosophy, applied hylomorphism to Christian doctrines such as the transubstantiation of the Eucharist's bread and wine into the body and blood of Jesus.

Medieval scholar, Dr Michael Jones claims Queen Elizabeth's claim to the throne is illegitimate because King Edward IV, who reigned from 1461 to 1483, was not of royal blood ; he was the illegitimate son of a French archer.

From Roman to Medieval times, these dogs were used in the blood sports of bear-baiting, bull-baiting, dog fighting, and lion-baiting.

(...) in 1479, (...) the two nations concluded terms for peace with the treaty of Alcáçovas, ending the struggle for the succession as well as their battle at sea .”< ref name = " Stephen R. Bown ">< sub >< big >↓</ big ></ sub > Stephen R. Bown-1494: How a family feud in Medieval Spain divided the world in half, D and M publishers inc., Canada, 2011, p. 76 .</ ref >

*, Stephen R .- 1494: How a family feud in Medieval Spain divided the world in half, D and M publishers inc., Canada, 2011.

Documents again began to be written in Sumerian, although Sumerian was becoming a purely literary or liturgical language, much as Latin later would be in Medieval Europe.

Alexander III ( Medieval Gaelic: Alaxandair mac Alaxandair ; Modern Gaelic: Alasdair mac Alasdair ) ( 4 September 1241 – 19 March 1286 ) was King of Scots from 1249 to his death.

This was used after Sam Raimi was unable to use his original title " The Medieval Dead.

The Archbishopric of Riga (, ) was an archbishopric in Medieval Livonia, a subject to the Holy See.

In 1731, the manuscript was badly damaged by a fire that swept through a building housing a collection of Medieval manuscripts assembled by Sir Robert Bruce Cotton.

The weaponized threat comes mainly in the form of pneumonic plague ( infection by inhalation ) It was the disease that caused the Black Death in Medieval Europe.

The late Medieval period saw the recitation of certain hours of the Little Office of the Blessed Virgin, which was based on the Breviary in form and content, becoming popular among those who could read, and Bishop Challoner did much to popularise the hours of Sunday Vespers and Compline ( albeit in English translation ) in his ' Garden of the Soul ' in the eighteenth century.

A Brythonic language was used in parts of Galicia and Asturias into early Medieval times brought by Britons fleeing the Anglo-Saxon invasions via Brittany.

It is through Boethius that much of the thought of the Classical period was made available to the Western Medieval world.

The elemental system used in Medieval alchemy was developed by the Arabic alchemist Jābir ibn Hayyān and others.

Saint Columba ( 7 December 521 – 9 June 597 AD )— also known as Colum Cille, or Chille ( Old Irish, meaning " dove of the church "), Colm Cille ( Irish ), Calum Cille ( Scottish Gaelic ), Colum Keeilley ( Manx Gaelic ) and Kolban or Kolbjørn ( Old Norse )— was a Gaelic Irish missionary monk who propagated Christianity among the Picts during the Early Medieval Period.

The Citadel of Gondershe | Gondershe, Somalia was an important city in the Medieval Ajuuraan State | Ajuuraan Empire.

Medieval military doctrine employed them as part of a combined-arms force along with various kinds of foot troops ; however medieval chroniclers tended to pay undue attention to the knights at the expense of the rank and file, which led early students of military history to suppose that this heavy cavalry was the only force that mattered on medieval European battlefields, which was not the case.

Constantine, son of Áed ( Medieval Gaelic: Constantín mac Áeda ; Modern Gaelic: Còiseam mac Aoidh, known in most modern regnal lists as Constantine II ; before 879 – 952 ) was an early King of Scotland, known then by the Gaelic name Alba.

The polyphonic organization of different melodies to sound at the same time was still a relatively new invention then, and it is understandable that the mathematical or physical relationships in frequency that give rise to the musical intervals as we hear them, should be foremost among the preoccupations of Medieval musicians.

" The linking of David to earthly kingship was reflected in later Medieval cathedral windows all over Europe through the device of the Tree of Jesse, its branches demonstrating how divine kingship descended from Jesse, through his son David, to Jesus.

Damascus steel was a term used by several Western cultures from the Medieval period onward to describe a type of steel created in India and used in swordmaking from about 300 BC to 1700 AD.

The name was transmitted via the Latin delphinus ( the romanization of the later Greek δελφῖνος – delphinos ), which in Medieval Latin became dolfinus and in Old French daulphin, which reintroduced the ph into the word.

It appears in Middle English as olifant or olifaunt, and was borrowed from Medieval French olifanz.

Possibly a borrowing ( probably via Frankish or Old High German ) of the Medieval Latin word foresta " open wood ", foresta was first used by Carolingian scribes in the Capitularies of Charlemagne to refer specifically to the king's royal hunting grounds.

The idea of feudalism was unknown and the system it describes were not conceived of as a formal political system by the people living in the Medieval Period.

Similarly, it was commonly believed by Medieval people that other ancient figures like the poet Virgil, astronomer Ptolemy and philosopher Aristotle had been involved in magic, and grimoires claiming to have been written by them were circulated.

They refused the right of the Lords on the former Moorish lands, and called on the Medieval rights given by James I of Aragon during the conquest of the Kingdom, to denounce an alleged lack of legality of the exploitation by the lords, “ who treated them like Moors ”, given the case that the Laws of the Kingdom banned these kind of taxes and tributes to the Christians.

In Medieval Europe, lipstick was banned by the church and was thought to be used as an ' incarnation of Satan ', cosmetics being ' reserved ' for prostitutes.

Indeed, it is even surprising in the Canon of Christ Church and Regius Professor of Ecclesiastical History, who fathered this most peculiar view, and in the brilliant Professor of Medieval and Renaissance English at Cambridge, who inherited it and is now its most eminent proponent.

Medieval scholars may be considered forerunners of modern anthropology as well, insofar as they conducted or wrote detailed studies of the customs of peoples considered " different " from themselves in terms of geography.

The name is Medieval Latin for he has declared upon oath.

* During the first week of August in Sweden, the Medieval Week of Wisby in Gotland is held each year.

Slievemore is rich in archaeological monuments that span a 5, 000 year period from the Neolithic to the Post Medieval.

In Western philosophy, the spread of Christianity through the Roman Empire marked the ending of Hellenistic philosophy and ushered in the beginnings of Medieval philosophy, whereas in Eastern philosophy, the spread of Islam through the Arab Empire marked the end of Old Iranian philosophy and ushered in the beginnings of early Islamic philosophy.

The English word amber derives from the Arabic anbar, via Medieval Latin ambar and Old French ambre.

Medieval architecture can be found in Aachen.

* McDonald, R. Andrew, Outlaws of Medieval Scotland: Challenges to the Canmore Kings, 1058 – 1266.

* Medieval Iberia: an encyclopedia, Ed.

* O ' Callaghan, Joseph F., A History of Medieval Spain, Cornell University Press, 1975.

* Armstrong, A., ( 1967 ), The Cambridge History of Later Greek and Early Medieval Philosophy, Cambridge University Press, pp. 196 – 200.

Fine Jr., The Late Medieval Balkans, Ann Arbor, 1987.

* Bernard Hamilton, " Women in the Crusader States: The Queens of Jerusalem ", in Medieval Women, edited by Derek Baker.

Alphonse, as Count of Toulouse, recognised the autonomy of the Medieval commune | commune of the town of Agen.

From the Medieval Arabic king lists of both African states, allegedly copied from earlier lists in ancient Near Eastern languages it appears that the state founders claimed to be deportees of the Assyrian empire who had fled from Syria and Samaria after the defeat of the Egyptian-Assyrian army at Carchemish in 605 BCE.

Medieval aesthetics in the realm of philosophy built upon Classical thought, continuing the practice of Plotinus by employing theological terminology in its explications.

For instance, plate armour first appeared in Medieval Europe when water-powered trip hammers made the formation of plates faster and cheaper.

File: Medieval horse armour. jpg | Medieval horse armour on display at Museum of Islamic Art, Doha in Qatar.