[permalink] [id link]
The Michelson-Morley results were immensely influential in the physics community, leading Hendrik Lorentz to devise his now-famous Lorentz contraction equations as a means of explaining the null result.
from
Wikipedia
Some Related Sentences
Michelson-Morley and results
* Emission theory, a competing theory for the special theory of relativity, explaining the results of the Michelson-Morley experiment
To put it in the context of early 20th century physics, some scientists found the problems with calculating Mercury's perihelion more troubling than the Michelson-Morley experiment results, and some the other way around.
In addition, the Michelson-Morley null result was further substantiated by the null results of other second-order experiments of different kind, namely the Trouton – Noble experiment ( 1903 ) and the Experiments of Rayleigh and Brace ( 1902 – 1904 ).
There has been some historical controversy over whether Albert Einstein was aware of the Michelson-Morley results when he developed his theory of special relativity, which pronounced the aether to be " superfluous ".
The experiment, named the Michelson-Morley experiment after the two scientists, shocked the scientific community by giving results which implied the ether's non-existence.
They were not convinced by the empirical evidence for Relativity: the measurements of the perihelion of Mercury and the null result of the Michelson-Morley experiment might be explained in other ways, they thought, and the results of the Eddington eclipse experiment were experimentally problematic enough to be dismissed as meaningless by the more devoted doubters.
Emission theory ( also called emitter theory or ballistic theory of light ) was a competing theory for the special theory of relativity, explaining the results of the Michelson-Morley experiment.
However, those experiments as the Michelson-Morley experiment and the Trouton-Noble experiment, gave negative results and are therefore direct refutations of Fresnel's aether.
In 1900, a lecture titled " Nineteenth-Century Clouds over the Dynamical Theory of Heat and Light ", by Lord Kelvin, suggested that physics had no satisfactory explanations for the results of the Michelson-Morley experiment and for black body radiation.
As introduced, special relativity provided an account for the results of the Michelson-Morley experiments.
Michelson-Morley and were
The famous Michelson-Morley experiment demonstrated that predictions deduced from this concept were not borne out in reality, falsifying the idea of an absolute frame of reference.
FitzGerald is better known for his conjecture in his short paper " The Ether and the Earth's Atmosphere " ( 1889 ) that if all moving objects were foreshortened in the direction of their motion, it would account for the curious null-results of the Michelson-Morley experiment.
Regarding the Relativity Principle, the moving magnet and conductor problem ( possibly after reading a book of August Föppl ) and the various negative aether drift experiments were important for him to accept that principle — but he denied any significant influence of the most important experiment: the Michelson-Morley experiment.
In the 1920s, a series of Michelson-Morley type experiments were conducted, confirming relativity to even higher precision than the original experiment.
It had previously been proposed, by George FitzGerald in 1889 and by Lorentz in 1892, independently of each other, that the Michelson-Morley result could be accounted for if moving bodies were contracted in the direction of their motion.
Michelson-Morley and physics
A coherentist account might claim that before the Michelson-Morley experiment, physics formed a coherent theory.
Michelson-Morley and Hendrik
Length contraction was postulated by George Francis FitzGerald ( 1889 ) and Hendrik Antoon Lorentz ( 1892 ) to explain the negative outcome of the Michelson-Morley experiment and to rescue the hypothesis of the stationary aether ( Lorentz – FitzGerald contraction hypothesis ).
Michelson-Morley and Lorentz
over several years, and became known as the FitzGerald-Lorentz explanation of the Michelson-Morley null result, known early on through the writings of Lodge, Lorentz, Larmor, and FitzGerald.
Lorentz noticed that it was necessary to change the space-time variables when changing frames and introduced concepts like physical length contraction ( 1892 ) to explain the Michelson-Morley experiment, and the mathematical concept of local time ( 1895 ) to explain the aberration of light and the Fizeau experiment.
Also Lorentz ( 1892b ) proposed length contraction independently from Fitzgerald in order to explain the Michelson-Morley experiment.
Michelson-Morley and now-famous
The now-famous Michelson-Morley Experiment also influenced the affirmation attempts of peer Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity and special relativity, using similar optical instrumentation.
Michelson-Morley and contraction
In addition, the negative result of the Michelson-Morley experiment led to the introduction of the hypothesis of length contraction in 1892.
In 1907 Einstein criticized the " ad hoc " character of Lorentz's contraction hypothesis in his theory of electrons, because according to him it was an artificial assumption to make the Michelson-Morley experiment conform to Lorentz's stationary aether and the relativity principle.
Michelson-Morley and null
As demonstrated by the Michelson-Morley null result, there is no absolute inertial frame of reference.
However, all of them obtained a null result like Michelson-Morley ( MM ).
Following on with the basic apparatus as the earlier Michelson-Morley experiment, Miller and Morley published another null result in 1904.
The aether was assumed to exist for much of the 19th century — until the Michelson-Morley experiment returned the famous " null result ".
: 1887 – the Michelson-Morley experiment ( MMX ) produces the famous null result.
Eventually, due to a null result in the Michelson-Morley and Trouton-Noble experiments, as well as other similar experiments, this analogy came to be accepted as a negative analogy-we now accept that light has no physical medium, unlike sound and water waves.
Michelson-Morley and result
However, this now famous Michelson-Morley experiment again yielded a negative result, i. e., no motion of the apparatus through the aether was detected ( although the Earth velocity is 60 km / s different in winter than summer ).
A possible solution to the problem was shown by Woldemar Voigt ( 1887 ), who investigated the Doppler Effect for waves propagating in an incompressible elastic medium and deduced transformation relations that left the Wave equation in free space unchanged, and explained the negative result of the Michelson-Morley Experiment.
FitzGerald ( 1889 ) offered another explanation of the negative result of the Michelson-Morley experiment.
On the other hand, the stationary ether concept is in agreement with this result, yet it contradicts ( with the exception of Lorentz's ether ) the Michelson-Morley experiment.
Michelson-Morley and .
Following the negative outcome of aether-drift experiments like the Michelson-Morley experiment, the concept of aether as a mechanical medium having a state of motion lost adherents.
The famous Michelson-Morley experiment compared the source light with itself after being sent in different directions, looking for changes in phase in a manner that could be measured with extremely high accuracy.
In this theory the reason the Michelson-Morley experiment " failed " was that the apparatus contracted in length in the direction of travel.
* The Michelson-Morley experiment was undertaken, which suggested that the speed of light is invariant.
** Results of the Michelson-Morley experiment are published, indicating that the speed of light is independent of motion.
Michelson-Morley experiment | November: Michelson-Morley.
The Michelson spectrograph is similar to the instrument used in the Michelson-Morley experiment.
Michelson-Morley type experiments have been repeated many times with steadily increasing sensitivity.
This figure illustrates the folded light path used in the Michelson-Morley interferometer that enabled a path length of 11 m. a is the light source, an oil lamp.
Simulation of the Kennedy / Illingworth refinement of the Michelson-Morley experiment.
( a ) Michelson-Morley interference pattern in monochromatic mercury light, with a dark fringe precisely centered on the screen.
Albert Abraham Michelson ( December 19, 1852 – May 9, 1931 ) was an American physicist known for his work on the measurement of the speed of light and especially for the Michelson-Morley experiment.
In 1887 he and Edward Morley carried out the famous Michelson-Morley experiment which seemed to rule out the existence of the aether.
In 1887 he collaborated with colleague Edward Williams Morley of Western Reserve College, now part of Case Western Reserve University, in the Michelson-Morley experiment.
Box plot of data from the Michelson-Morley Experiment displaying outliers in the middle column.
He knew from the outset what the theory should look like ( although he only knew this because of the Michelson-Morley Experiment ), and explored candidate theories with mathematical tools, not actual experiments.
Case Western Reserve was the site of the famous Michelson-Morley interferometer experiment, conducted in 1887 by A.
0.233 seconds.