On arrival at the supreme Mongol court — either that on the Imyl river ( near Lake Alakol and the present Russo-Chinese frontier in the Altay ), or more probably at or near Karakorum itself, south-west of Lake Baikal — Andrew found Güyük Khan dead, poisoned, as the envoy supposed, by Batu Khan's agents.

When populations were quickly decreased by causes such as the Black Death or devastating warfare ( for example, Genghis Khan's Mongol hordes in eastern and central Europe, Thirty Years ' War in Germany ), this could lead to settlements being abandoned.

Report of a massacre in the close by Bamiyan is recorded around this period, where the entire population of the valley was annihilated by the Mongol troops as a revenge for the death of Genghis Khan's grandson.

* 1256 – October – Mongol commander Baiju ( operating under Hulagu Khan's command ) leads his forces in a victory over Kay Ka ' us II of the Sultanate of Rüm, thereby capturing Anatolia.

* 1258 – February 13 – The Hulagu Khan's Mongol forces overrun Baghdad, then the leading center of Islamic culture and learning, burning it to the ground and killing as many as 800, 000 citizens.

* 1279 – March 19 – Kublai Khan's Mongol Yuan Dynasty defeats the Song Dynasty in the Battle of Yamen.

* October – Mongol commander Baiju ( operating under Hulagu Khan's command ) leads his forces in a victory over Kay Ka ' us II of the Sultanate of Rüm, thereby capturing Anatolia.

* February 10 – Battle of Baghdad ( 1258 ) – Hulagu Khan's Mongol forces overrun Baghdad, then the leading center of Islamic culture and learning and capital of the Abbasid Caliphate.

Batu Khan's full-scale invasion of Rus ' occurred from 1237 to 1240 ; the campaign was ended by a Mongol succession crisis.

The Manchus gained far-reaching control of the Inner Mongolian tribes in 1635, when Ligden Khan's son surrendered the Chakhar Mongol tribes to the Manchus.

As various of these nomadic groups became part of Genghis Khan's army in the early 13th century, a fusion of Mongol and Turkic elements took place, and the invaders of Rus and the Pannonian Basin became known to Europeans as Tatars or Tartars ( see Tatar yoke ).

Buddhism would not see a true revival in Chinese society until the Mongol rule of the Yuan Dynasty, with Kublai Khan's sponsorship of Tibetan Buddhism and Drogön Chögyal Phagpa as the leading lama.

Mongol Empire in 1227 at Genghis Khan's death

In 1284 Saqchi came under the Mongol rule during the major invasion of Bulgaria and coins were struck in the Khan's name.

After King Béla IV of Hungary rejected Batu Khan's ultimatum to surrender the Cumans, Subutai began planning the Mongol invasion of Europe.

After the deaths of Genghis Khan's sons, he became the most respected prince called agha ( elder brother ) in the Mongol Empire.

The word Chagatai relates to the Chagatai Khanate, a descendant empire of the Mongol Empire, which was left to Genghis Khan's second son, Chagatai Khan.

In 1288, General Tran Hung Dao stopped Mongol ships from sailing up the nearby Bach Dang River by placing steel-tipped wooden stakes at high tide, sinking the Mongol Kublai Khan's fleet.

In the 1350s King Gongmin of Goryeo successfully pushed Mongolian garrisons back and exterminated the family of Toghan Temur Khan's empress while Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen managed to eliminate the Mongol influence in Tibet.

* Muhajir Khwarezm, the Muslim refugees that escaped Genghis Khan's Mongol invasion of Muslim lands in 13th century ; they settled in other Muslim lands not touched by the conquerors.

The city was almost entirely destroyed by Genghis Khan's Mongol conquest during 1220-1259.

He gave them a letter to the Pope — written in Mongol, Arabic, and Latin — that was a brief imperious assertion of the Khan's office as the scourge of God.

This decimal system organization of Genghis Khan's strong military would prove very effective in conquering, by persuasion or force, the many tribes of the central Asian steppe, but it would also strengthen Mongol society as a whole.

Genghis Khan kept a close watch on the Mongol supreme shaman Kokochu Teb Tengri who sometimes conflicted with his authority.

First, the Eight Banners were under the direct control of the emperor and hereditary Manchu and Mongol princes, leaving the ministry only with authority over the Green Standard Army.

The Abbasids ' rule was briefly ended for three years in 1258, when Hulagu Khan, the Mongol khan, sacked Baghdad, resuming in Mamluk Egypt in 1261, from where they continued to claim authority in religious matters until 1519, when power was formally transferred to the Ottoman Empire and the capital relocated to Constantinople.

He was the first prince of Moscow to openly challenge Mongol authority in Russia.

Dmitry took advantage of this lapse in Mongol authority to openly challenge the Tatars.

On September 3, 1260, the Egypt-based Mamluk army led by Qutuz and Baibars challenged Mongol authority and decisively defeated their forces in the Battle of Ain Jalut, outside of Zir ' in in the Jezreel Valley.

In the east, Ogedei's armies re-established Mongol authority in Manchuria, crushing the Eastern Xia regime and Water Tatars.

When Hulagu headed further west, the Armenians from Cilicia, the Seljuks from Rum and the Christian realms of Antioch and Tripoli submitted to Mongol authority, joining the Mongols in their assault against the Muslims.

Other countries in the Mongols ' path submitted to Mongol authority, and contributed forces to the Mongol army.

The first to advance were the Mongols, whose force also included troops from the Kingdom of Georgia and about 500 knights from the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, both of which had submitted to Mongol authority.

He also endeavoured to reinforce the Mongol alliance, as his father Hetoum I had submitted Armenia to Mongol authority in 1247.

" The Mongol dominance was most indirect: Sakya lamas remained the sources of authority and legitimacy, while the dpon-chens carried on the administration at Sakya.

Hetoum I of Armenia, Bohemond's father-in-law, prudently decided to subject to Mongol authority as well, sending his brother Sempad to the Mongol court in Karakorum in 1247 to negotiate the details.

Power struggles among various Mongol factions in Tibet and Amdo led to a period alternating between the supremacy of the Dalai Lama ( nominally ) and Mongol overlords. In 1642 the independent Mongol king, Gushi Khan, conferred temporal, as well as spiritual, authority on the fifth Dalai Lama, establishing a dominance for the Gelugpa Buddhist sect and the Dalai Lama that persists to this day.

Meanwhile, Baiju crushed the rebellion of the Seljuk Sultan Kaykaus II near Ankara in 1256 and reestablished Mongol authority over Eastern Turkey.

It was not until 1304, when all Mongol khans submitted to Kublai's successor, the Khagan Temür Öljeytü, that the Mongol world again acknowledged a single paramount sovereign for the first time since 1259 – and even the late Khagans ' authority rested on nothing like the same foundations as that of Genghis Khan and his first three successors.

Following the sultan's defeat by the Mongols in 1402, Isfendiyar recognized the authority of the Mongol khan Timur, who confirmed him in the traditional Jandarids ' lands of Kastamonu, Kalecik, Tosya, and Çankırı.

However, with the Mongol invasions from the east, the Seljuq power deteriorated and instead Ilkhanate commanders in Anatolia gained strength and authority, which encouraged the beys to declare sovereignty openly.