The list of practice manuals whose text may be found on the NLRB Website < ref >< nowiki > http :// www. nlrb. gov / publications / manuals / index. aspx </ nowiki > include

From 2004 to 2008 it resisted attempts by the International Longshore and Warehouse Union to organize workers at its processing plant, and according to the AFL-CIO has been found by the National Labor Relations Board ( NLRB ) to have violated a number of labor laws in its campaign against the union ..

Universal Camera Corp. v. NLRB, 340 U. S. 474 ( 1951 ), was a United States Supreme Court case which held that a court will defer to a federal agency's findings of fact if supported by " substantial evidence on the record considered as a whole.

" Universal Camera added an additional qualification to the substantial evidence test laid down in Consolidated Edison Co. v. NLRB.

The Court discussed the " substantial evidence " test established by the Court in Consolidated Edison Co. v. NLRB, which interpreted the Wagner Act, the original National Labor Relations Act.

The NMB usually uses mail ballots to conduct elections, unlike the National Labor Relations Board ( NLRB ), which has historically preferred walk-in elections under the NLRA.

The General Counsel, appointed by the President to a 4-year term, is independent from the Board and is responsible for the investigation and prosecution of unfair labor practice cases and for the general supervision of the NLRB field offices in the processing of cases.

Witt placed Rosenberg in charge of a group of six to eight attorneys during a Congressional investigation into the questionable activities of the NLRB in 1938 and 1939.

The LaFollette Civil Liberties Committee, or more formally, Committee on Education and Labor, Subcommittee Investigating Violations of Free Speech and the Rights of Labor ( 1936-1941 ), began as an inquiry into a National Labor Relations Board ( NLRB ) investigation of methods used by employers in certain industries to avoid collective bargaining with unions.

The amendments required union leaders to file affidavits with the United States Department of Labor declaring that they were not supporters of the Communist Party and had no relationship with any organization seeking the " overthrow of the United States government by force or by any illegal or unconstitutional means " as a condition to participating in NLRB proceedings.

The NLRB placed 26 counts before an administrative law judge for a hearing in July, 1998 on charges that management had violated of workers rights, by firing and harassing people for union activity, illegal surveillance and spying on pro-union workers, and punishing pro-union workers by withholding wage increases ” ( NLRB, 1998 ).

Faced with federal prosecution, a settlement with the NLRB was reached in which HCA agreed to end the illegal practices.

This included encouraging employers to refuse to comply with the NLRA and supporting the nationwide filing of injunctions to keep the NLRB from functioning.

The AFL continued to fight the CIO, forcing the NLRB to allow skilled trades employees in large industrial facilities the option to choose, in what came to be called " Globe elections ," between representation by the CIO or separate representation by AFL craft unions.

Congress also amended the National Labor Relations Act, as part of the same piece of legislation that created the LMRDA, by tightening the Taft-Hartley Act's prohibitions against secondary boycotts, prohibiting certain types of " hot cargo " agreements, under which an employer agreed to cease doing business with other employers, and empowered the General Counsel of the National Labor Relations Board to seek an injunction against a union that engages in recognitional picketing of an employer for more than thirty days without filing a petition for representation with the NLRB.

While a union shop agreement that, by its literal terms, requires an employee to become a member in good standing might appear to be unlawful on its face and therefore unenforceable, the National Labor Relations Board ( NLRB ) and the courts have uniformly interpreted such clauses to require no more than what the law permits ( such as payment of dues ).

On the other hand, the NLRB applies the more deferential standard applied to union decisions generally in the case of non-exclusive hiring halls, i. e., those in which the union has the power to refer applicants for employment but the employer may also hire employees " off the street "; in those cases the union is barred from acting arbitrarily, in bad faith or discriminatorily.

While the NLRB has developed detailed rules governing what units are appropriate in health care institutions, it takes a more ad hoc approach in other cases, relying on a collection of factors that the Board labels its “ community of interest ” standard.

The NLRB said that of 11 potentially eligible voters eight voted against the union, two voted for it, and one vote was challenged.

* April 12 – NLRB v. Jones & Laughlin Steel: The Supreme Court of the United States rules that the National Labor Relations Act is constitutional.

The IWW represents administrative and maintenance workers under contract in Seattle, while the union in Pittsburgh lost 22-21 in an NLRB election, only to have the results invalidated in late 2006, based on management's behavior before the election.

Unlike the NLRA, which gives the NLRB nearly exclusive power to enforce the Act, the RLA allows employees to sue in federal court to challenge an employer's violation of the Act.

Those processes are initiated in the regional offices of the NLRB .< ref >< nowiki > http :// www. nlrb. gov / About_Us / locating_our_offices /</ nowiki >

Second, the American Federation of Labor and some employers accused the NLRB of favoring the Congress of Industrial Organizations, particularly when determining whether to hold union elections in plant-wide, or wall-to-wall, units, which the CIO usually sought, or to hold separate elections in separate craft units, which the craft unions in the AFL favored.

While the NLRB initially favored plant-wide units, which tacitly favored the CIO's industrial unionism, it retreated to a compromise position several years later under pressure from Congress that allowed craft unions to seek separate representation of smaller groups of workers at the same time that another union was seeking a wall-to-wall unit.

Third, as time went by, employers and their allies in Congress also criticized the NLRB for its expansive definition of " employee " and for allowing supervisors and plant guards to form unions, sometimes affiliated with the unions that represented the employees whom they were supposed to supervise or police.

Many accused the NLRB of a general pro-union and anti-employer bias, pointing to the Board's controversial decisions in such areas as employer free speech and " mixed motive " cases, in which the NLRB held that an employer violated the Act by firing an employee for anti-union reasons even if the employee had actually engaged in misconduct.

Others developed in reaction to NLRB decisions.

If the employer refuses to recognize the union, the union can be certified through a secret-ballot election conducted by the NLRB.

The amendments also established the General Counsel ’ s autonomy within the administrative framework of the NLRB.

* NLRB v. Actors Equity

* Nathan Witt, employed at the AAA ; later moved to the NLRB.

* The National Labor Relations Board ( NLRB ) administers the principal United States labor law, the National Labor Relations Act.

** NLRB v. Truck Drivers Local 449, 1957 US Supreme Court decision

The question, then, is whether sufficient discrimination in the use of even non-violent means of coercion is to be found in the fact that such conduct demoralizes and overcomes the opponent while re-moralizing and re-establishing him.

A systematic review by the Cochrane Collaboration found no studies of sufficient quality to make any statement on the efficacy of the vaccine.

" There can be found no fact that is true or existent, or any true proposition ," he wrote, " without there being a sufficient reason for its being so and not otherwise, although we cannot know these reasons in most cases.

The sufficient reason [...] is found in a substance which [...] is a necessary being bearing the reason for its existence within itself.

In 1816, in the third volume of Lorenz Oken's Lehrbuch der Naturgeschichte, the author found sufficient similarities in the dentition of coyotes and jackals to place these species into a new separate genus from Canis called Thos after the classical Greek word θώς ( jackal ).

In practice a groveling letter of apology to the court is sufficient to ward off this possibility, and in any event the warrant is generally ' backed for bail ' i. e. bail will be granted once the arrest has been made and a location where the person can be found in future established.

If the rock is analyzed and found to be felsic but is metamorphic and has no definite volcanic protolith, it may be sufficient to simply call it a ' felsic schist '.

A layman could bring a bill of indictment to the grand jury ; if the grand jury found there was sufficient evidence for a trial, that the act was a crime under law, and that the court had jurisdiction, it would return the indictment to the complainant.

Every galaxy of sufficient mass in the Local Group has an associated group of globular clusters, and almost every large galaxy surveyed has been found to possess a system of globular clusters.

Having found for the plaintiff for a violation of the first law, the court then has the discretion to exercise judicial economy and refuse to make a decision on the remaining two claims, on the grounds that the finding of one violation should be sufficient to satisfy the plaintiff.

The Common Kestrel readily adapts to human settlement, as long as sufficient swathes of vegetation are available, and may even be found in wetlands, moorlands and arid savanna.

When used in the right way and in sufficient numbers, the Finns had found that they were effective.

It was also later found that, with minor circuit modification, the nuvistor made a sufficient replacement for the obsolete Telefunken VF14 tube, used in the famed Neumann U 47 studio microphone.

Generally, a refresh rate of 85 Hz or above ( as found in most modern CRT monitors ) is sufficient to minimize flicker at close viewing distances, and all recent computer monitors are capable of at least that rate.

One study has found that thin films of M13 bacteriophage can be used to construct a piezoelectric generator sufficient to operate a liquid crystal display.

In 1957 near Pointe Indienne the French Societé des Pétroles de l ' Afrique Equatoriale Françaises ( SPAEF ) found oil and gas reserves offshore in sufficient exploitable quantities.

Sugars are found in the tissues of most plants but are only present in sufficient concentrations for efficient extraction in sugarcane and sugar beet.

Analysis of an actual experiment found that measurement alone ( for example by a Geiger counter ) is sufficient to collapse a quantum wave function before there is any conscious observation of the measurement.

Of course, once a fit is found, responder who has sufficient strength also may bid 4 ( Gerber ) or 4NT ( Blackwood ), or cue bid aces, depending upon partnership agreement, to explore slam in any of the above sequences.

If planets are found, subsequent searches, with telescopes of sufficient resolution, would look for atmospheric water and temperatures suitable for habitability.

When the method is applied to a sufficient number of people over the course of a project, the objections raised above become addressed: The sample size ceases to be small and usability problems that arise with only occasional users are found.

A systematic review by the Cochrane Collaboration found no studies of sufficient quality to make any statement on the efficacy of the vaccine.

The mass needed, however, is so great that gravitational confinement is only found in stars — the least massive stars capable of sustained fusion are red dwarfs, while brown dwarfs are able to fuse deuterium and lithium if they are of sufficient mass.

Popper argued that the central property of science is falsifiability ( i. e. all scientific claims can be proven false, at least in principle, and if no such proof can be found despite sufficient effort then the claim is likely true ).

A-weighted noise measurements were found to give misleading results because they did not give sufficient prominence to the 6 kHz region where the noise reduction was having greatest effect, and sometimes one piece of equipment would even measure worse than another and yet sound better, because of differing spectral content.