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Norse and discovery
The Vinland Map first came to light in 1957 ( three years before the discovery of the Norse site at L ' Anse aux Meadows in 1960 ), bound in a slim volume with a short medieval text called the Hystoria Tartarorum ( usually called in English the Tartar Relation ), and was unsuccessfully offered to the British Museum by London book dealer Irving Davis on behalf of a Spanish-Italian dealer named Enzo Ferrajoli de Ry.
Some theories which were developed on the fringes ( for example, continental drift, existence of Troy, heliocentrism, the Norse colonization of the Americas, and Big Bang Theory ) have become mainstream because of the discovery of supportive evidence.
Tyrker ( or Tyrkir ) is a character mentioned in the Norse Saga of the Greenlanders and German historical legend He accompanied Leif on his voyage of discovery around the year 1000, and is portrayed as an older German male servant.
Before the discovery of Lustria by the Norse, a trading vessel from the Old World was caught in the fierce currents off the coast of Araby and swept into the swirling waters of Ulthuan.
This story is based on an amalgamation of real world events that led to the European discovery of the Americas ; first the Norse expeditions to North America, and the voyage of Christopher Columbus, who failed to realize he had discovered a new continent.

Norse and was
This would have been a burial fitting a king who was famous for his wealth in Old Norse sources.
The first known use of the word ball in English in the sense of a globular body that is played with was in 1205 in in the phrase, "" The word came from the Middle English bal ( inflected as ball-e ,-es, in turn from Old Norse böllr ( pronounced ; compare Old Swedish baller, and Swedish boll ) from Proto-Germanic ballu-z, ( whence probably Middle High German bal, ball-es, Middle Dutch bal ), a cognate with Old High German ballo, pallo, Middle High German balle from Proto-Germanic * ballon ( weak masculine ), and Old High German ballâ, pallâ, Middle High German balle, Proto-Germanic * ballôn ( weak feminine ).
Though Columbus was not the first European explorer to reach the Americas ( having been preceded by the Norse expedition led by Leif Ericson in the 11th century ), Columbus's voyages led to the first lasting European contact with America, inaugurating a period of European exploration and colonization of foreign lands that lasted for several centuries.
Saint Columba ( 7 December 521 – 9 June 597 AD )— also known as Colum Cille, or Chille ( Old Irish, meaning " dove of the church "), Colm Cille ( Irish ), Calum Cille ( Scottish Gaelic ), Colum Keeilley ( Manx Gaelic ) and Kolban or Kolbjørn ( Old Norse )— was a Gaelic Irish missionary monk who propagated Christianity among the Picts during the Early Medieval Period.
* Old Norse: The definite article was the enclitic-inn ,-in ,-itt ( masculine, feminine and neuter nominative singular ), as in álfrinn " the elf ", gjǫfin " the gift ", and tréit " the tree ", an abbreviated form of the independent pronoun hinn, cognate of the German pronoun jener.
Old East Norse is in Sweden called Runic Swedish and in east Denmark Runic Danish, but until the 12th century, the dialect was roughly the same in the two countries.
Unlike Proto-Norse, which was written with the Elder Futhark alphabet, Old Norse was written with the Younger Futhark alphabet, which only had 16 letters.
A change that separated Old East Norse ( Runic Swedish / Danish ) from Old West Norse was the change of the diphthong æi ( Old West Norse ei ) to the monophthong e, as in stæin to sten.
Old East Norse was once widely spoken in the northeast counties of England.
The haugbui ( from the Old Norse word haugr meaning " howe " or " barrow ") was a mound-dweller, the dead body living on within its tomb.
The haugbui was rarely found far from its burial place and is a type of undead commonly found in Norse saga material.
Crossbreeding was possible between elves and humans in the Old Norse belief.
Titled, The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrún, the book was composed in an English language recreation of Old Norse alliterative verse.
When the gods knew that Fenrir was fully bound, they took a cord called Gelgja ( Old Norse " fetter ") hanging from Gleipnir, inserted the cord through a large stone slab called Gjöll ( Old Norse " scream "), and the gods fastened the stone slab deep into the ground.
The Norse name for the planet Venus was Friggjarstjarna ' Frigg's star '.
The first element in the name Forsetlund ( Old Norse Forsetalundr ), a farm in the parish of Onsøy (' Odins island '), in eastern Norway, seems to be the genitive case of Forseti, offering evidence he was worshipped there.
In the Norse creation account preserved in Gylfaginning ( VIII ) it is stated that during the creation of the earth, an impassable sea was placed around the earth like a ring:
In Norse mythology, Ginnungagap (" mighty gap ") was the vast, primordial void that existed prior to the creation of the manifest universe.
In medieval Norse, the garment was known as vapntreyiu, lit.

Norse and documented
The earliest known documented European exploration of Canada is described in the Icelandic Sagas, which recount the attempted Norse colonization of the Americas.
The area's rich Norse and Sámi heritage is well documented.
The word sund is already documented in Old Norse and Old English in the meaning of " gap " ( or " narrow access ").
The best documented version was that of 10th and 11th century Norse religion, although other information can be found from Anglo-Saxon and Continental Germanic sources.
Early medieval North Germanic Scandinavian ( Viking Age ) beliefs are much better documented than its predecessors, notably via the records of Norse mythology in the Prose Edda and the Poetic Edda, as well as the sagas, written in Iceland during 1150-1400.
From the other Scandinavian languages based on Old Norse, there is húm in Icelandic which means ' twilight ', hómi in Faeroese which means ' unclear ', and humi in Old Swedish which means ' dark suspicion ', documented back to 1541.
Hjaðningavíg ( the " battle of the Heodenings "), the legend of Heðinn and Hǫgni or the Saga of Hild is a Scandinavian legend from Norse mythology about a never-ending battle which is documented in Sörla þáttr, Ragnarsdrápa, Gesta Danorum, Skíðaríma and in Skáldskaparmál.
Although Norse military activity in Ireland in the 9th century is well documented in Irish sources, they contain no record at all of Harald Fairhair's voyage to the west.

Norse and 13th
Compiled in Iceland in the 13th century, but based on much older Old Norse poetry, the Poetic Edda and the Prose Edda contain numerous references to the death of Baldr as both a great tragedy to the Æsir and a harbinger of Ragnarök.
The term Edda ( Old Norse Edda, plural Eddur ) applies to the Old Norse Poetic Edda and Prose Edda, both of which were written down in Iceland during the 13th century in Icelandic, although they contain material from earlier traditional sources, reaching into the Viking Age.
Following the Battle of Largs, the 13th century would see the Norse settlement and overlordship of Scotland end, as well as the line of David I, with the death of Alexander III.
Heimdallr is attested in the Poetic Edda, compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional material ; in the Prose Edda and Heimskringla, both written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson ; in the poetry of skalds ; and on an Old Norse runic inscription found in England.
The Old Norse Bartholomeus saga postola, an account of the life of Saint Bartholomew dating from the 13th century, mentions a " Queen Hel.
Swedish language differentiated from the eastern Norse dialects by the 13th century.
They experienced Norse incursions during the early Middle Ages and then became part of the Kingdom of Scotland in the 13th century.
As such many of these islands fell under Norwegian and Ui Imair hegemony between the 9th and 13th centuries and this Norse influence would see almost constant warfare on the western seaboard of Scotland until the partitioning of the Hebrides in 1156.
Scotland took its present form when it regained territory from the Norse between the 13th and the 15th centuries ; the Western Isles and the Isle of Man remained under Scandinavian authority until 1266.
Old Norse was spoken in one district of Novgorod, however, until the 13th century.
Our knowledge about arms and armour of the Viking age is based on relatively sparse archaeological finds, pictorial representation, and to some extent on the accounts in the Norse sagas and Norse laws recorded in the 13th century.
Grimm considers the spelling with h unetymological in spite of its early occurrence in some 13th century documents, and hypothesizes a " lost root " " fëmen ", connecting with Old Norse fimr and conjecturing a Gothic " fiman, fam, fêmun?
Triskaidekaphobia may have also affected the Vikings — it is believed that Loki in the Norse pantheon was the 13th god — more specifically, Loki was believed to have engineered the murder of Balder, and was the 13th guest to arrive at the funeral.
The fear of Friday the 13th has been called friggatriskaidekaphobia ( Frigga being the name of the Norse goddess for whom " Friday " is named and triskaidekaphobia meaning fear of the number thirteen ), or paraskevidekatriaphobia a concatenation of the Greek words Paraskeví ( Παρασκευή, meaning " Friday "), and dekatreís ( δεκατρείς, meaning " thirteen ") attached to phobía ( φοβία, from phóbos, φόβος, meaning " fear ").
Norse mythology, as recorded in the Poetic Edda ( compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources ) and the Prose Edda ( written by Snorri Sturluson in the 13th century ) provide different mythical origins for the beings.
The greatest Norse author of the 13th century was the Icelander Snorri Sturluson.
The period of common Old Norse literature continued up through the 13th century with Norwegian contributions such as Thidreks saga and Konungs skuggsjá but by the 14th century saga writing was no longer cultivated in Norway and Icelandic literature became increasingly isolated.
Its name was recorded as Hwitebi and Witebi, meaning the white settlement in Old Norse, in the 12th century, Whitebi in the 13th century and Qwiteby in the 14th century.
It can already be found in the form Eikundarsund in the Norse saga of Olav the Holy, written by Icelandic author Snorri Sturlasson in the 13th century.

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