The haugbui was rarely found far from its burial place and is a type of undead commonly found in Norse saga material.

Memory of the Hunnic conquest was transmitted orally among Germanic peoples and is an important component in the Old Norse Völsunga saga and Hervarar saga and in the Middle High German Nibelungenlied.

In the Völsunga saga, Attila ( Atli in Norse ) defeats the Frankish king Sigebert I ( Sigurðr or Siegfried ) and the Burgundian King Guntram ( Gunnar or Gunther ), but is later assassinated by Queen Fredegund ( Gudrun or Kriemhild ), the sister of the latter and wife of the former.

Scholarly theories have been proposed about Hel's potential connections to figures appearing in the 11th century Old English Gospel of Nicodemus and Old Norse Bartholomeus saga postola, potential Indo-European parallels to Bhavani, Kali, and Mahakali, and her origins.

The Old Norse Bartholomeus saga postola, an account of the life of Saint Bartholomew dating from the 13th century, mentions a " Queen Hel.

Michael Bell says that while Hel " might at first appear to be identical with the well-known pagan goddess of the Norse underworld " as described in chapter 34 of Gylfaginning, " in the combined light of the Old English and Old Norse versions of Nicodemus she casts quite a different a shadow ," and that in Bartholomeus saga postola " she is clearly the queen of the Christian, not pagan, underworld.

As seen in the saga of Hrafnkell Freysgoði, however, being a priest consisted merely of offering periodic sacrifices to the Norse gods and goddesses ; it was not a full-time role, nor did it involve ordination.

Neither mentioned grapes, and the Malmesbury work specifically states that little grows there but grass and trees, which reflects the saga descriptions of the area round the main Norse expedition base.

Although it is generally agreed, based on the saga descriptions, that Helluland includes Baffin Island, and Markland represents at least the southern part of the modern Labrador, there has been considerable controversy over the location of the actual Norse landings and settlement.

In addition, Simek points to an Old Norse parallel in the figure of Örvar-Oddr, " who is rejuvenated after living as a tree-man ( Ǫrvar-Odds saga 24 – 27 )".

Estrid ( Old Norse: Æstriðr, Ástríðr ) was a rich and powerful 11th century Swedish woman whose long family saga has been recorded on five or six runestones in Uppland, Sweden.

* Fornaldarsögur Norðurlanda and Ragnars saga loðbrókar in Old Norse from « Kulturformidlingen norrøne tekster og kvad » Norway.

There are two written sources on the origin of the name, in The Book of Icelanders ( Íslendingabók ), a historical work dealing with early Icelandic history from the 12th century, and in the medieval Icelandic saga, The Saga of Eric the Red ( Eiríks saga rauða ), which is about the Norse settlement in Greenland and the story of Erik the Red in particular.

The period of common Old Norse literature continued up through the 13th century with Norwegian contributions such as Thidreks saga and Konungs skuggsjá but by the 14th century saga writing was no longer cultivated in Norway and Icelandic literature became increasingly isolated.

* Tyrfing, a cursed sword in the Norse Hervarar saga.

Named after English explorer William Baffin, it is likely that the island was known to Pre-Columbian Norse of Greenland and Iceland and may be the location of Helluland, spoken of in the Icelandic sagas ( the Saga of Erik the Red ( Eiríks saga rauða ) and the Grœnlendinga saga ).

* Fornaldarsögur Norðurlanda and Völsunga saga in Old Norse from « Kulturformidlingen norrøne tekster og kvad » Norway.

* Mæra was a land in the Norse saga of Egill Skallagrímsson.

Old Norse parallels of the legend survive in the Völsunga saga, the Prose Edda, the Poetic Edda, the Legend of Norna-Gest, and the Þiðrekssaga.

Erik Thorvaldsson (; 950 – c. 1003 ), known as Erik the Red (), is remembered in medieval and Icelandic saga sources as having founded the first Norse settlement in Greenland.

The Norse discovery was documented in the 13th century Icelandic Sagas and was corroborated by recent L ' Anse aux Meadows archeological evidence.

This would have been a burial fitting a king who was famous for his wealth in Old Norse sources.

The first known use of the word ball in English in the sense of a globular body that is played with was in 1205 in in the phrase, "" The word came from the Middle English bal ( inflected as ball-e ,-es, in turn from Old Norse böllr ( pronounced ; compare Old Swedish baller, and Swedish boll ) from Proto-Germanic ballu-z, ( whence probably Middle High German bal, ball-es, Middle Dutch bal ), a cognate with Old High German ballo, pallo, Middle High German balle from Proto-Germanic * ballon ( weak masculine ), and Old High German ballâ, pallâ, Middle High German balle, Proto-Germanic * ballôn ( weak feminine ).

Though Columbus was not the first European explorer to reach the Americas ( having been preceded by the Norse expedition led by Leif Ericson in the 11th century ), Columbus's voyages led to the first lasting European contact with America, inaugurating a period of European exploration and colonization of foreign lands that lasted for several centuries.

Saint Columba ( 7 December 521 – 9 June 597 AD )— also known as Colum Cille, or Chille ( Old Irish, meaning " dove of the church "), Colm Cille ( Irish ), Calum Cille ( Scottish Gaelic ), Colum Keeilley ( Manx Gaelic ) and Kolban or Kolbjørn ( Old Norse )— was a Gaelic Irish missionary monk who propagated Christianity among the Picts during the Early Medieval Period.

* Old Norse: The definite article was the enclitic-inn ,-in ,-itt ( masculine, feminine and neuter nominative singular ), as in álfrinn " the elf ", gjǫfin " the gift ", and tréit " the tree ", an abbreviated form of the independent pronoun hinn, cognate of the German pronoun jener.

Old East Norse is in Sweden called Runic Swedish and in east Denmark Runic Danish, but until the 12th century, the dialect was roughly the same in the two countries.

Unlike Proto-Norse, which was written with the Elder Futhark alphabet, Old Norse was written with the Younger Futhark alphabet, which only had 16 letters.

A change that separated Old East Norse ( Runic Swedish / Danish ) from Old West Norse was the change of the diphthong æi ( Old West Norse ei ) to the monophthong e, as in stæin to sten.

Old East Norse was once widely spoken in the northeast counties of England.

The haugbui ( from the Old Norse word haugr meaning " howe " or " barrow ") was a mound-dweller, the dead body living on within its tomb.

Crossbreeding was possible between elves and humans in the Old Norse belief.

Titled, The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrún, the book was composed in an English language recreation of Old Norse alliterative verse.

When the gods knew that Fenrir was fully bound, they took a cord called Gelgja ( Old Norse " fetter ") hanging from Gleipnir, inserted the cord through a large stone slab called Gjöll ( Old Norse " scream "), and the gods fastened the stone slab deep into the ground.

The Norse name for the planet Venus was Friggjarstjarna ' Frigg's star '.

The first element in the name Forsetlund ( Old Norse Forsetalundr ), a farm in the parish of Onsøy (' Odins island '), in eastern Norway, seems to be the genitive case of Forseti, offering evidence he was worshipped there.

In the Norse creation account preserved in Gylfaginning ( VIII ) it is stated that during the creation of the earth, an impassable sea was placed around the earth like a ring:

In Norse mythology, Ginnungagap (" mighty gap ") was the vast, primordial void that existed prior to the creation of the manifest universe.

In medieval Norse, the garment was known as vapntreyiu, lit.

Swedish folklorist Carl Wilhelm Von Sydow argued against both Scandinavian translation and source material due to his theory that Beowulf is fundamentally Christian and written at a time when any Norse tale would have most likely been pagan in nature.

Similarly, the Norwegian language is classified as a descendant of West Norse, while the written language used by the vast majority in Norway is derived from an older variant of standard Danish.

The term Edda ( Old Norse Edda, plural Eddur ) applies to the Old Norse Poetic Edda and Prose Edda, both of which were written down in Iceland during the 13th century in Icelandic, although they contain material from earlier traditional sources, reaching into the Viking Age.

Heimdallr is attested in the Poetic Edda, compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional material ; in the Prose Edda and Heimskringla, both written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson ; in the poetry of skalds ; and on an Old Norse runic inscription found in England.

Regarding the inscription reading, John Hines of Cardiff University comments that there is " quite an essay to be written over the uncertainties of translation and identification here ; what are clear, and very important, are the names of two of the Norse gods on the side, Odin and Heimdallr, while Þjalfi ( masculine, not the feminine in-a ) is the recorded name of a servant of the god Thor.

It was written in Old Norse in Iceland by the poet and historian Snorri Sturluson ( 1178 / 79 – 1241 ) ca.

These dates, however, are not absolute, since written Old Norse is found well into the 15th century.

While the name Sigyn is found as a female personal name in Old Norse sources ( Old Norse sigr meaning " victory " and vina meaning " girl-friend "), and though in surviving sources she is largely restricted to a single role, she appears in the 9th century Haustlöng from pagan times, written by the skald Þjóðólfr of Hvinir.

The vast majority of loan words did not appear in documents until the early 12th century ; these included many modern words which used sk-sounds, such as skirt, sky, and skin ; other words appearing in written sources at this time included again, awkward, birth, cake, dregs, fog, freckles, gasp, law, moss, neck, ransack, root, scowl, sister, seat, sly, smile, want, weak and window from Old Norse meaning " wind-eye ".

After the consolidation of the church and the assimilation of Scandinavia and its colonies into the mainstream of medieval Christian culture in the 11th and 12th centuries, native written sources begin to appear, in Latin and Old Norse.

Many of these sagas were written in Iceland, and most of them, even if they had no Icelandic provenance, were preserved there after the Middle Ages due to the Icelanders ' continued interest in Norse literature and law codes.

Icelandic has the best preserved inflectional system of the Norse languages and the Prose Edda was also written in old Icelandic.

The last written records of the Norsemen | Norse Greenlanders are from a 1408 marriage in the church of Hvalsey — today the best-preserved of the Norse ruins.

* In Harry Harrison's The Technicolor Time Machine ( 1967 ), main characters go back in time to shoot a movie about founding a Viking colony in North America, only to discover to their surprise that the colony they founded turned out to be written into the history as the original Viking colony in North America — and some of them are even featured in Norse sagas.

As a result, the written form of English includes the spelling patterns of many languages ( Old English, Old Norse, Norman French, Classical Latin and Greek, as well as numerous modern languages ) superimposed upon one another.

Norse mythology, as recorded in the Poetic Edda ( compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources ) and the Prose Edda ( written by Snorri Sturluson in the 13th century ) provide different mythical origins for the beings.

The Old Norse language, which had first been written with the Latin alphabet in the 12th century, was used in administration, as well as for the composition of original literature, and the translation of foreign literature.

In Norse mythology, Jörmungandr (, pronounced ), often written Jormungand, or Jörmungand and also known as the Midgard Serpent (), or World Serpent, is a sea serpent, the middle child of the giantess Angrboða and the god Loki.