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The Nyaya school of Hinduism has made several arguments regarding a monotheistic view.
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Nyaya and school
The Nyaya – Vaisesika school ( 600 BC-100 BC ) developed one of the earliest forms of atomism, though their proofs of God and their positing that the consciousness was not material precludes labelling them as materialists.
In the Nyaya Kusumanjali, this is discussed against the proposition of the Mimamsa school that let us assume there were many demigods ( devas ) and sages ( rishis ) in the beginning, who wrote the Vedas and created the world.
See Nyaya for some details of the theory of causation in the Nyaya school.
The Nyaya school of philosophical speculation is based on texts known as the Nyaya Sutras, which were written by Aksapada Gautama from around the 2nd century BCE.
The most important contribution made by the Nyaya school to modern Hindu thought is its methodology to prove existence of God, based on the Vedas.
According to the Nyaya school, there are exactly four sources of knowledge ( pramāṇas ): perception, inference, comparison, and testimony.
But the Nyaya school also maintains that the God's grace is essential for obtaining true knowledge.
The Nyaya Sutras of Aksapada Gautama ( c. 2nd century CE ) constitute the core texts of the Nyaya school, one of the six orthodox schools of Hindu philosophy.
Historically, it has been closely associated with the Hindu school of logic, Nyaya.
Unlike the Nyaya or the Vaisheshika systems, the school recognizes five means of valid knowledge ( Skt.
In addition to the four means of valid knowledge accepted by the Nyaya school ( pratyakṣa, anumāna, upamāna and śabda ), the school recognizes presumption ( Skt.
* Nyaya, the school of logic
Sri Jayatirtha wrote an extant subcommentary to Madhvacharya's Anuvyakhyana called Nyaya Sudha ( Nectar of Logic ) which is considered as magnum opus in Madhvacharya's school.
His son Vardhamana Upadhyaya was also a noted philosopher of the Nyaya school.
The Nyaya school, one of six orthodox schools of Hindu philosophy, states that one of the proofs of the existence of God is karma ; It is seen that some people in this world are happy, some are in misery.
The Nyaya school, one of six orthodox schools of Hindu philosophy, states that one of the proofs of the existence of God is karma ; It is seen that some people in this world are happy, some are in misery.
It is the only place where the first school of logic ( tarkashastra ) in India was set up on the Navya Nyaya system, which produced great logicians in 15th century. The Holy Birth Place of Lord Caitanya Mahaprabhu is known as " Gour Gangar Desh " as well as " Oxford of Bengal ".
* Jayanta Bhatta, 9th century, Kashmiri poet and philosopher of Nyaya school of Indian philosophy
The development of Indian logic dates back to the anviksiki of Medhatithi Gautama ( c. 6th century BCE ) the Sanskrit grammar rules of Pāṇini ( c. 5th century BCE ); the Vaisheshika school's analysis of atomism ( c. 2nd century BCE ); the analysis of inference by Gotama ( c. 2nd century ), founder of the Nyaya school of Hindu philosophy ; and the tetralemma of Nagarjuna ( c. 2nd century CE ).
It came to be closely associated with the Hindu school of logic, Nyaya.
Nyaya and Hinduism
See Also: Hinduism -- Hindu scripture -- Samkhya -- Yoga -- Nyaya -- Vaisesika -- Vedanta -- Bhakti -- Cārvāka -- Indian logic
Nyaya and made
The most important contribution made by the Nyaya school to modern Hindu thought is its methodology.
Nyaya and several
In other words, Nyaya says that the polytheist would have to give elaborate proofs for the existence and origin of his several celestial spirits, none of which would be logical, and that it is more logical to assume one eternal, omniscient god.
Nyaya and view
and may go back to earlier Indian views on language, especially the Nyaya view of words as indicators and not carriers of meaning.
Nyaya and .
The Nyaya and Vaisheshika schools later developed theories on how atoms combined into more complex objects.
Nyaya theory distinguishes between know p and know that one knows p – these are different events, with different causal conditions.
Later Indian materialist Jayaraashi Bhatta ( 6th century AD ) in his work Tattvopaplavasimha (" The upsetting of all principles ") refuted the Nyaya Sutra epistemology.
The Nyaya and Vaisheshika schools of Hindu philosophy state that Akasha or ether is the fifth physical substance, which is the substratum of the quality of sound.
However, Nyaya differs from Aristotelian logic in that it is more than logic in its own right.
Nyaya is thus a form of epistemology in addition to logic.
As a result, Nyaya scholars again went to great pains to identify, in each case, what it took to make knowledge valid, in the process creating a number of explanatory schemes.
In this sense, Nyaya is probably the closest Indian equivalent to contemporary analytic philosophy.
The Nyaya metaphysics recognizes sixteen padarthas or categories and includes all six ( or seven ) categories of the Vaisheshika in the second one of them, called prameya.
Pratyakṣa ( perception ) occupies the foremost position in the Nyaya epistemology.
Perception is defined by Akṣapāda Gautama in his Nyaya Sutra ( I, i. 4 ) as a ' non-erroneous cognition which is produced by the intercourse of sense-organs with the objects, which is not associated with a name and well-defined '.
Anumāna ( inference ) is one of the most important contributions of the Nyaya.
* Samkhyāviśeşāt ( lit., from the specialty of numbers ): According to the Nyaya, the magnitude of a dyad is produced by the number of two atoms.
school and Hinduism
Apophatic movements in Hinduism are visible in the works of Shankara, a philosopher of Advaita Vedanta school of Indian philosophy, and Bhartṛhari, a grammarian.
In Hindu philosophy, especially in the Vedanta school of Hinduism, Ātman is the first principle, the true self of an individual beyond identification with phenomena, the essence of an individual.
These sacrifices are mainly done at mandirs following the Shakti school of Hinduism where the female nature of Brahman is worshipped in the form of Kali and Durga.
According to another school of thought, the word Tripura may have originated from Tripura Sundari, the presiding deity of the Tripura Sundari Temple at Udaipur, famous as one of the 51 Shakti Peethas ( pilgrimage centres of Shakti worshippers of Hinduism ).
In the Advaita Vedanta school of Hinduism, reality is ultimately seen as a single, qualityless, changeless being called nirguna Brahman.
No other Hindu philosopher or school of Hinduism holds such beliefs.
Ishvara ( in IAST ) is a philosophical concept in Hinduism, meaning controller or god in a theistic school of thought, or as an Ishta-deva in monistic thought.
The conception of Ishvara in Hinduism is very much dependent on the particular school of thought.
Followers of Vedanta, a leading practicing school of Hinduism in existence today, consider Ishvara, a personal supreme God, as playing that role.
In some earlier historical traditions of Hinduism, followers of an atheistic division of the Samkhya school, do not accept the idea of a supreme God.
These differing views are explicitly noted in a series of passes in the Brahma Sutras ( III. 2. 38-40 ), an important text in Vedanta, the major school of Hinduism, which endorses the concept of Ishvara i. e., a personal supreme God, as the source of fruits of karma, but note opposing views in order to refute them.
No other Hindu philosopher or school of Hinduism holds such beliefs.
They are Hindus and generally follow Dvaita ( Dual ) Saiva Siddhantam school of thought in Hinduism.
The use of discernibly Christian-oriented prayers at Government schools, the non-representation of Hinduism in approved school textbooks, and the lack of emphasis on Hindu religious observace evoked deep resentment from the Hindu community.
Vidyaranya was an exponent of the Advaita school of philosophy in Hinduism.
Nāma Rupatmak Vishva is the Vedanta ( a school of Sanatana Dharma / Hinduism ) term for the manifest Universe, viz.
CE ) was the author of the Chaitanya Charitamrita, a hagiography on the life of the mystic and saint Chaitanya Mahaprabhu ( 1486 – 1533 ), who is considered by the Gaudiya Vaishnava school of Hinduism to be an incarnation of Radha and Krishna combined.
Vedism as the religious tradition of Hinduism of a priestly elite was marginalized by other traditions such as Jainism and Buddhism in the later Iron Age, but in the Middle Ages would rise to renewed prestige with the Mimamsa school, which as well as all other astika traditions of Hinduism, considered them authorless ( apaurusheyatva ) and eternal.
Traditionally, it has been bestowed upon or used for acharyas belonging to the Vedānta school ( among the six traditional schools of thought in Hinduism ) who have written Sanskrit commentaries on the Prasthānatrayī ( literally the three sources )-the Brahma Sutra ( the original scripture of Vedānta ), the Bhagavad Gita ( part of the Mahābhārata ) and the principal Upanishads.
Sen established a syncretic school of spiritualism, called the Nabo Bidhan or ' New Dispensation ', which he intended to amalgamate the best principles of Christianity and of the western spiritual tradition with Hinduism.
Most other Sri Lankan Hindus follow what is commonly known as folk Hinduism without the baggage of philosophical school of thought They usually worship a village, clan or tribal deity within or outside the accepted pantheon of Hindu deities.
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