When war broke out between Russia and the Ottomans in 1877, Greek popular sentiment rallied to Russia's side, but Greece was too poor, and too concerned of British intervention, to officially enter the war.

Under the Ottomans, the city was known officially as Kandiye ( again also applied to the whole island of Crete ) but informally in Greek as Megalo Castro ( Μεγάλο Κάστρο ; " Big Castle ").

* Germany, already heavily involved in the internal Ottoman politics, officially opposed a war against the Empire, but in her effort to win Bulgaria for the Central Powers, and seeing the inevitability of Ottoman disintegration, was playing with the idea to replace the Balkan positions of the Ottomans with a friendly Greater Bulgaria in her San Stefano borders, an idea that was based on the German origin of the Bulgarian King and his anti-Russian sentiments.

In 1615, Bethlen was also officially recognized by the Emperor Matthias as the Prince of Transylvania ; Bethlen promised in secret that he would help the Habsburgs against the Ottomans.

This policy officially began with the Imperial Rescript of the Rose Chamber of 1839, declaring equality before the law for both Muslim and non-Muslim Ottomans.

Timişoara was officially conceded to the Austrian Habsburg Monarchy by the Ottomans in the Treaty of Passarowitz of 1718.

Under Turkish rule, the name attached to the Beys of " Saruhan ", who founded the Beylik which preceded the Ottomans in the region, has been officially used, along with the name Manisa, for the city and the region alternatively and this until the present period of the Republic of Turkey.

In 1402 he renounced Ottoman rule and became an Hungarian ally ; the following years are characterized by power struggle of the Ottomans and Hungary over the territory of Serbia.

As a question of sovereignty, the Ottomans argued that the empire had always exercised effective sovereignty over the peninsula and could not justify the abandonment of territory which it had never formally renounced.

With regard to Bahrain, the Ottomans renounced all claims to it so long as the British declared no intention of annexing it ( Article 13 ) and did not claim capitulation rights for subjects of the Sheikh of Bahrain ( protected by the Britannic Majesty ’ s Consuls ) living in the Ottoman Empire ( Article 15 ).

The Russo-Turkish War of 1768-1774 resulted in the defeat of the Ottomans by the Russians, and according to the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca ( 1774 ) signed after the war, Crimea became independent and Ottomans renounced their political right to protect the Crimean Khanate.

In Transcaucasia, the Ottomans renounced its claims to most of western Georgia, but retained control of Akhalkalaki, Poti, and Anapa previously captured by the Russo-Georgian troops in the course of the war.

According to Stanford J. Shaw " the emperor renounced the peace treaty ( October 1592 ) and sent a force that routed the Ottomans at Sissek / Siska.

The Russo-Turkish War ended the Ottoman control of Cyprus in 1878 when Cyprus was left under the control of the United Kingdom ; with its conditions set out in the Cyprus Convention, although sovereignty of the island continued to belong to the Ottoman Empire until the Kingdom annexed the island unilaterally in 1914, when it declared war against the Ottomans at the First World War.

Spanish sovereignty lasted until 1708, when the city was conquered by the Ottomans.

As part of the Charter of 1856, European powers demanded a much stronger sovereignty for ethnic communities within the empire, differing from the Ottomans who envisioned equality meaning identical treatment under the law for all citizens.

In 1915, the Hussein-McMahon Correspondence was formed as an agreement with Arab leaders to grant sovereignty to Arab lands under Ottoman control to form an Arab state in exchange for the Great Arab Revolt against the Ottomans.

Some of the Beyliks ( including the Ottomans in their very beginnings ) and Seljuq governors of Anatolia continued to recognize, albeit nominally, the supremacy of the sultan in Konya, delivering the khutba in the name of the sultans in Konya in recognition of their sovereignty, and the sultans continued to call themselves Fahreddin, the Pride of Islam.

In addition, the status quo of the islands of the Northeastern Aegean, which Greece had taken from the Ottomans, remained undetermined until February 1914, when the Great Powers recognized Greek sovereignty over them.

Al-Boustani viewed the edicts of the Young Ottomans as freedom for non-Muslims and an opportunity for Arabs in Syria to gain sovereignty.

Kuwait was listed as such because the Ottomans and British interpretations of “ sovereignty ” and “ suzerainty ” differed in their counter-drafts and so both terms were omitted in the final draft.

The Ottomans refused to relinquish Kars ; its military governor instead established a government, the Provisional National Government of the Southwestern Caucasus, led by Fahrettin Pirioglu, that claimed Turkish sovereignty over Kars and the Turkish-speaking and Islamic neighboring regions as far as Batumi and Alexandropol ( Gyumri ).

The battle will end two days later, with a decisive Serbian victory over the Ottomans.

In spite of several not insignificant reverses at the hands of Bulgarians, Serbians, and Ottomans, the Emperor had provided the Empire with active leadership, had cooperated with able administrators, and had come closer than any of his predecessors in re-establishing Byzantine control over the Greek peninsula.

Cairo's political influence diminished significantly after the Ottomans supplanted Mamluk power over Egypt in 1517.

However, not long after, Yeshaq revolted once again with Ottoman support but was defeated once and for all in 1578, leaving the Ottomans with domain over Massawa, Arqiqo and some of the nearby coastal environs, which were soon transferred to the control of Beja Na ' ibs ( deputies ).

Although opinions differ as to his character there is no dispute over his great achievements: he helped to save the Habsburg Empire from French conquest ; he broke the westward thrust of the Ottomans, liberating central Europe after a century and a half of Turkish occupation ; and he was one of the great patrons of the arts whose building legacy can still be seen in Vienna today.

With the end of World War I, Britain was given a mandate over the area known as Palestine, which it had conquered from the Ottomans.

Moreover, Jassim bin Mohammed's ambivalent relations with the Ottomans deteriorated to the point that in 1893 they sent a military force to Doha to arrest him, ostensibly over his refusal to permit an Ottoman customhouse in Doha.

As a result of victories over the Ottomans, by the early 19th century Russia also made significant territorial gains in Transcaucasia.

Due to its strategic significance, Yerevan was constantly fought over, and passed back and forth, between the dominion of Persia and the Ottomans.

This victory over the Ottomans, therefore, was attributed not only to the leadership of Count Schulenburg who commanded the stubborn defence of the island against Turkish forces, but also to the miraculous intervention of St. Spyridon.

The result of the treaty was the restoration of Habsburg administration over much of the territory of present-day Serbia, which they had temporarily had during the Great Turkish War between 1688 and 1699, and the effective establishment of the Kingdom of Serbia crownland, which would be acceded to the Ottomans in accordance to the Treaty of Belgrade, which had effectively reverted some parts of the Passarowitz treaty.

From 1570 when the Ottomans took over Nicosia, the old river bed through the walled city was left open and was used as a dumping ground for refuse, where rainwater would rush through clearing it temporarily.

This came in addition to the building of Anadoluhisarı, the fortress opposite of Rumelihisari on the Asian side, and gave the Ottomans absolute control over the sea traffic of the Bosporus Strait.

During the Fifth Ottoman-Venetian War, following a major victory over the Ottoman fleet, the Venetians captured the island again on 20 August 1656, but the Ottomans recovered it barely a year later, on 31 August 1657, after a siege of 36 days.

In 1386, Varna briefly became the capital of the spinoff Principality of Karvuna, then was taken over by the Ottomans in 1389 ( and again in 1444 ), ceded temporarily to Manuel II Palaeologus in 1413 ( perhaps until 1444 ), and sacked by Tatars in 1414.

The failure of the Crusade of Varna made the fall of Constantinople to the Ottomans in 1453 all but inevitable, and Varna ( with all of Bulgaria ) was to remain under Ottoman domination for over four centuries.

The Russians temporarily took over in 1773 and again in 1828, following the prolonged Siege of Varna, returning it to the Ottomans two years later after the medieval fortress was razed.

( Dracula, who had once been traded as a hostage to the Ottomans by his own father, later became a protégé of Hunyadi, and took over Wallachia shortly before his mentor's death of fever ).

The Ottomans conquered the old Greek-controlled Byzantine empire during the Middle Ages, taking over its territory and its capital, Constantinople, and becoming its effective successor-state.

The authority of the tribal chiefs over the region was recognized by the Ottomans.

The Ottomans were responsible for the death of over one million Armenians.

The event includes the mortar fire in Požega vineyards, which symbolizes the chasing of the Ottomans from the region and commemorates the victory over the Turks on Sokolovac Hill in 1688.

It was slowly taken over by the Venetians for the next two centuries until 1390, and in 1470, after a long siege, it passed to the Ottomans, who made it the seat of the Admiral of the Archipelago ( the Aegean Islands ).

In 1831 the Ottomans overthrew Daud Pasha, the last Mamluk ruler, and imposed direct control over Iraq.