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The Perkin triangle, has means via a series of glass or Teflon taps to allows fractions to be isolated from the rest of the still, without the main body of the distillation being removed from either the vacuum or heat source, and thus can remain in a state of reflux.
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Perkin and triangle
Perkin triangle distillation setup 1: Stirrer bar / anti-bumping granules 2: Still pot 3: Fractionating column 4: Thermometer / Boiling point temperature 5: Teflon tap 1 6: Cold finger 7: Cooling water out 8: Cooling water in 9: Teflon tap 2 10: Vacuum / gas inlet 11: Teflon tap 3 12: Still receiver
To do this a " cow " or " pig " adaptor can be added to the end of the condenser, or for better results or for very air sensitive compounds a Perkin triangle apparatus can be used.
A Perkin triangle is versatile piece of apparatus that can also be used to collect distillation fractions which does not require a " cow " or " pig " adapter.
A Perkin triangle is most often used where the distillates are air-sensitive or where the fractions distill and are collected under reduced pressure, but can be used for a simple and fractional distillation.
For better results or for very air sensitive compounds, either a Perkin triangle distillation set-up or a short-path distillation set-up can be used.
Image: Perkin triangle distillation apparatus. svg | Perkin triangle-for air-sensitive vacuum distillation
Perkin and has
Perkin Warbeck's personal history has been fraught with many unreliable and varying statements.
Perkin reportedly resembled Edward IV in appearance, which has led to speculation that he might have been Edward's illegitimate son, or at least some genuine connection with the York family.
Today the Perkin Medal is widely acknowledged as the highest honour in American industrial chemistry and has been awarded annually by the American section of the Society of Chemical Industry to many inspiring and gifted chemists.
Perkin and series
Perkin, who had by then become one of Hofmann's assistants, embarked on a series of experiments to try to achieve this end.
Perkin and be
* Perkin Warbeck claims to be the son of King Edward IV of England at the court of Burgundy.
Later, wishing to be rid of Warbeck, James IV provided a ship called the Cuckoo and a hired crew under a Breton captain which returned Perkin to Waterford in shame in July 1497.
Perkin Warbeck, an impostor claimant to the English throne, who claimed to be Edward's son Richard of Shrewsbury, reportedly resembled Edward.
Its extraction was variable and complicated, and so Perkin and his brother realised that they had discovered a possible substitute whose production could be commercially successful.
The discovery in 1856 by William Henry Perkin that aniline could be used to make intense colouring agents had led to the commercial production of synthetic dyes in England from aniline extracted from coal tar.
In the 1490s, Perkin Warbeck, a Pretender for the English crown, claimed to be Richard, Duke of York, but he is generally considered to have been an impostor, and was labeled thus by the Tudor regime.
( In fact, safranine is a 2, 8-dimethyl phenazinium salt, whereas the parasafranine produced by Perkin is presumed to be the 1, 8 -( or 2, 9 ) dimethyl isomer.
* Perkin Warbeck ( 1474 – 1499 ), a pretender who claimed to be Richard, Duke of York
Coumarin can be prepared in a laboratory in a Perkin reaction between salicylaldehyde and acetic anhydride.
* Lady Catherine Gordon, wife of pretender Perkin Warbeck, who claimed to be Richard Plantagenet, Duke of York
Perkin and isolated
In 1869, Perkin found a method for the commercial production from anthracene of the brilliant red dye alizarin, which had been isolated and identified from madder root some forty years earlier in 1826 by the French chemist Pierre Robiquet, simultaneously with purpurin, another red dye of lesser industrial interest, but the German chemical company BASF patented the same process one day before he did.
Perkin and from
Then, in the Autumn of 1497, Perkin Warbeck tried to usurp the throne from Henry VII.
* 1499 – Pretender to the throne Perkin Warbeck is hanged for reportedly attempting to escape from the Tower of London.
* November 23 – Perkin Warbeck, pretender to the throne of England, is hanged for reportedly attempting to escape from the Tower of London.
The play tracks the progress of Perkin Warbeck from the Scottish court towards London to claim his birthright as heir to the throne.
* Dunlop, David, ' The ' Masked Comedian ': Perkin Warbeck's Adventures in Scotland and England from 1495 to 1497 ,' Scottish Historical Review, vol.
Since these experiments were not part of the work on quinine which had been assigned to Perkin, the trio carried them out in a hut in Perkin's garden, so as to keep them secret from Hofmann.
Over the next few years, Perkin found his research and development efforts increasingly eclipsed by the German chemical industry, and so in 1874 he sold his factory and retired from business, a very wealthy man.
He had two sons from the first marriage ( William Henry Perkin, Jr. and Arthur George Perkin ) and one son ( Frederick Mollwo Perkin ) and four daughters from the second.
* 1884 Northern Pacific built railroad spur track from Cascade Junction ( between South Prairie and Buckley ) to Perkin ’ s Prairie.
This was Graham Perkin, appointed in 1966, who radically changed the paper's format and shifted its editorial line from the rather conservative liberalism of the Symes to a new " left liberalism " characterised by attention to issues such as race, gender and the environment, and opposition to White Australia and the death penalty.
For these reasons rather than from any ecclesiastical scruples Foxe visited and resided in his new diocese ; and he occupied Norham Castle, which he fortified and defended against a Scottish raid in Perkin Warbeck's interests in 1497.
In 1493 Poynings was acting as deputy or governor of Calais ; in July he was sent with Warham on a mission to Archduke Philip to gain Perkin Warbeck's expulsion from Burgundy, where he had been welcomed by the dowager duchess Margaret ; the envoys obtained from Philip a promise that he would abstain not aid Warbeck, but the duke asserted that he could not control the actions of the duchess, who was the real ruler of the country.
The show was created by Eric Morley, the founder of Miss World, and began in 1949 by broadcasting from regional ballroom studios, with professional dancers Syd Perkin and Edna Duffield on hand to offer teaching.
Perkin and rest
William Perkin continued active research in organic chemistry for the rest of his life: he discovered and marketed other synthetic dyes, including Britannia Violet and Perkin's Green ; he discovered ways to make coumarin, one of the first synthetic perfume raw materials, and cinnamic acid.
Perkin and still
Perkin filed for a patent in August 1856, when he was still only 18.
Having invented the dye, Perkin was still faced with the problems of raising the capital for producing it, manufacturing it cheaply, adapting it for use in dyeing cotton, gaining acceptance for it among commercial dyers, and creating public demand for it.
Perkin and without
Later in Henry's reign emerged another pretender to the throne, Perkin Warbeck, however this was resolved without resorting to arms.
Perkin and source
Perkin could not have chosen a better time or place for his discovery: England was the cradle of the Industrial Revolution, largely driven by advances in the production of textiles ; the science of chemistry had advanced to the point where it could have a major impact on industrial processes ; and coal tar, the major source of his raw material, was an abundant by-product of the process for making coal gas and coke.
Perkin and .
The first human-made ( synthetic ) organic dye, mauveine, was discovered serendipitously by William Henry Perkin in 1856.
A more serious menace was Perkin Warbeck, a Flemish youth who posed as Edward IV's son Richard.
* 1907 – William Henry Perkin, English chemist ( b. 1838 )
In 1856 William Henry Perkin, while trying to manufacture quinine, accidentally manufactured the organic dye now known as Perkin's mauve.
The first synthetic organic dye, mauveine, was discovered by William Henry Perkin in 1856 while he was attempting to synthesize quinine.
He only went to war twice, once in 1489 during the Breton crisis and the invasion of Brittany, and in 1496 – 1497 in revenge for Scottish support of Perkin Warbeck and for their invasion of Northern England.
* November 3 – Peace of Etaples signed between England and France, ending French support for the pretender to the English throne Perkin Warbeck.
** Mauveine, the first synthetic organic dye, is discovered by William Henry Perkin while attempting to synthesize quinine.
* July 3 – Perkin Warbeck's troops land in Kent, in support of his claim to the English crown, backed by Margaret of York, Duchess of Burgundy.
* England imposes sanctions on Burgundy for supporting Perkin Warbeck.
* November 23 – Perkin Warbeck, Flemish imposter ( b. c. 1474 ) ( executed )
* September 7 – Second Cornish Uprising in England: Perkin Warbeck lands near Land's End ; on September 10 he is proclaimed as King in Bodmin.
* September 21 – 25 – James IV of Scotland invades Northumberland in support of the pretender to the English throne Perkin Warbeck.
* May – Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, recognises Perkin Warbeck as rightful King of England.
* November – Perkin Warbeck begins a campaign to take the English throne with a landing in Ireland.
** Perkin Warbeck, pretender to the throne of England ( d. 1499 )
Perkin Warbeck ( circa 1474 – 23 November 1499 ) was a pretender to the English throne during the reign of King Henry VII of England.
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