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Phoenician and inscription
The oldest text in Phoenician script is an inscription on the sarcophagus of King Ahiram.
Of its coins the most ancient bear the Phoenician inscription abdrt with the head of Melkart and a tunny-fish ; those of Tiberius ( who seems to have made the place a colonia ) show the chief temple of the town with two tunny-fish erect in the form of columns.
The name Barcelona comes from the ancient Iberian Phoenician Barkeno, attested in an ancient coin inscription in Iberian script as Barkeno in Levantine Iberian script, in Ancient Greek sources as, Barkinṓn ; and in Latin as Barcino, Barcilonum and Barceno.
From a Phoenician inscription on its lid, it appears that he was a " king of the Sidonians ," probably in the 5th century BCE, and that his mother was a priestess of ‘ Ashtart, " the goddess of the Sidonians.
The oldest known inscription that goes by the name of Phoenician is the Ahiram epitaph, engraved on the sarcophagus of King Ahiram from c. 1200 BC.
The inscription is dated to c. 700 BC, and the person speaking in it, ’- z-t-w-d ( Phoenician ) / Azatiwataš ( Luwian ), professes to be king of the d-n-n-y-m / Hiyawa, and describes his dynasty as " the house of M-p-š / Mukšuš ".
Frank Moore Cross has interpreted the Phoenician inscription on this stone as follows:
Her symbol is remarkably similar to the Egyptian ankh and her shrine, excavated at Sarepta in southern Phoenicia, revealed an inscription that related her securely to the Phoenician goddess Astarte ( Ishtar ).
The earliest evidence of a Jewish presence on Malta is an inscription in the inner apse of the southern temple of Ġgantija ( 3600 – 2500 BC ) in Xagħra, which says, in the Phoenician alphabet: " To the love of our Father Jahwe ".
A reference to " Og " appears in a Phoenician inscription from Byblos ( Byblos 13 ) published in 1974 by Wolfgang Rölling in " Eine new phoenizische Inschrift aus Byblos ," ( Neue Ephemeris für Semitische Epigraphik, vol 2, 1-15 and plate 1 ).
* in the Phoenician: Ahiram sarcophagus inscription, sarcophagus of Eshmunazar, Kilamuwa inscription, the Byblos inscription
Her shrine excavated at Sarepta in southern Phoenicia revealed an inscription that identified her for the first time in her homeland and related her securely to the Phoenician goddess Astarte ( Ishtar ).< ref > James B. Pritchard, Recovering Sarepta, a Phoenician City ( Princeton: Princeton University Press ) 1978 .; see Sarepta.
Another piece of surviving evidence connected to Arsinoe I, is a Phoenician inscription found at Lapithos, Cyprus, which is dated in the 11th or 12th year in the reign of Ptolemy II.
Of material evidence of early Iberian Jewry, representing a particularly early presence is a signet ring found at Cadiz, dating from the 8th – 7th century BCE The inscription on the ring, generally accepted as Phoenician, has been interpreted by a few scholars to be " paleo-hebraic " ( Bowers, p. 396 ).

Phoenician and on
Greek ἄβαξ itself is probably a borrowing of a Northwest Semitic, perhaps Phoenician, word akin to Hebrew ʾābāq ( אבק ), " dust " ( since dust strewn on wooden boards to draw figures in ).
# Judgment on Jerusalem and Judah ( Ezekiel 4: 1 – 24: 27 ) and on the nations ( Ezekiel 25: 1 – 32: 32 ): Yahweh warns of the certain destruction of Jerusalem and the devastation of the nations that have troubled his people, the Ammonites, Moabites, Edomites and Philistines, the Phoenician cities of Tyre and Sidon, and Egypt.
The Pyrgi Tablets are a bilingual text in Etruscan and Phoenician engraved on three gold leaves, one for the Phoenician and two for the Etruscan.
Like other Greek letters, it could face either leftwards or rightwards ( x14pxx14px ), depending on the current writing direction, but just like in Phoenician, the horizontal bars always faced in the direction of writing.
Here alone is preserved a summary of the writings of the Phoenician priest Sanchuniathon of which the accuracy has been shown by the mythological accounts found on the Ugaritic tables, here alone is the account from Diodorus Siculus's sixth book of Euhemerus ' wondrous voyage to the island of Panchaea where Euhemerus purports to have found his true history of the gods, and here almost alone is preserved writings of the neo-Platonist philosopher Atticus along with so much else.
9th-century Euboean and Cypriote presence on the island is attested by ceramics, while a Phoenician presence is noted at Erythrae, the traditional competitor of Chios on the mainland.
After gradual decline of its strength, Phoenician city states on the Lebanese coast were conquered outright by the Achaemenid dynasty of Persia, which organized it as a satrapy, though many of Phoenician colonies continued their independent existence-most notably Carthage.
However, the La Marle interpretation of Linear A has been rejected by John Younger of Kansas University showing that La Marle has invented erroneous and arbitrary new transcriptions based on resemblances with many different script systems at will ( as Phoenician, Hieroglyphic Egyptian, Hieroglyphic Hittite, Ethiopian, Cypro-Minoan, etc.
The initial guesses were based on visual, external resemblances of the Turkic runiform letters with the Gothic runes or with Greek, Etruscan and Anatolian letters, suggesting an Indo-European Alphabet resembling Semitic Phoenician, Gothic, Phoenician-based Greek, etc.
Osiris ' wife, Isis, searched for his remains until she finally found him embedded in a tree trunk, which was holding up the roof of a palace in Byblos on the Phoenician coast.
Glass manufacturing, Sidon's most important enterprise in the Phoenician era, was conducted on a vast scale, and the production of purple dye was almost as important.
The early trireme was a development of the penteconter, an ancient warship with a single row of 25 oars on each side, and of the bireme (, diērēs ), a warship with two banks of oars, probably of Phoenician origin.
In any case, by the early 5th century, the trireme was becoming the dominant warship type of the eastern Mediterranean, with minor differences between the " Greek " and " Phoenician " types, as literary references and depictions of the ships on coins make clear.
Marsala is built on the ruins of the ancient Carthaginian city Lilibeo, and encompasses the famous archaeological site Motya island ( an ancient Phoenician town ).
Some of these towers were built with the stones of the Phoenician cities because they lay on strategic sites.
Tarragona (, ; Phoenician: ט ַ ר ְ קו ֹ ן, Tarqon ; ) is a city located in the south of Catalonia on the north-east of Spain, by the Mediterranean.
Throughout the town Latin, and even apparently Phoenician, inscriptions on the stones of the houses mark the material used for buildings in the town.
The Canaanite equivalent of Ishtar was Astarte, and according to the contemporary Christian writer Eusebius temple prostitution was still being carried on in the Phoenician cities of Aphaca and Heliopolis ( Baalbek ) until closed down by the emperor Constantine in the 4th century.
* With the help of the Athenian statesman and general, Cimon, Aristides commands an Athenian fleet of 30 ships that the Spartan commander Pausanias leads to free the Greek cities on Cyprus and capture Byzantium from the Persians and their Phoenician allies.

Phoenician and sarcophagus
The sarcophagus of Eshmunazar II, which is now in the Louvre, was unearthed in 1855 in a site near Sidon, and contains an inscription-known as KAI-14, in Phoenician Canaanite, inscribed using the Phoenician alphabet.

Phoenician and King
* The Egyptians under their King Teos and the Spartans under King Agesilaus II, with some Athenian mercenaries under their general Chabrias, set out to attack the Persian King's Phoenician cities.
The King of Damascus, for instance, employed Phoenician sculptors and ivory-carvers.
* 2008 – Baal the King of the Gods in Ugarit ( translated some documents from Ugaritic, Phoenician, and Hebrew into Norwegian ) ISBN 978-82-525-6590-4

Phoenician and Sidon
On the other hand, peace with Sidon also resulted in the penetration of Phoenician religious ideas into the kingdom and led to a kulturkampf between traditionalists ( as personified by the prophet Elijah and his followers ) and the aristocracy ( as personified by Omri's son and heir Ahab and his consort Jezebel ).
Sidon or Saïda (, ; Phoenician: < span dir =" rtl "> צדן </ span >, Ṣydwn ; ; ;, Ṣīḏōn, ) is the third-largest city in Lebanon.
Like other Phoenician city-states, Sidon suffered from a succession of conquerors.
In the territory of Phoenician Sidon, Lucian of Samosata ( 2nd century AD ) was informed that the temple of Astarte, whom Lucian equated with the moon goddess, was sacred to Europa:
This trend continued under Tukulti-Ninurta I ( 1244 – 1208 BC ) and after a hiatus, Tiglath-Pileser I ( 1115 – 1077 BC ) who conquered the Aramaeans of northern Syria, and thence he proceeded to conquer Damascus and the Canaanite / Phoenician cities of ( Byblos ), Sidon, Tyre and finally Arvad.
** Sidon, firstborn son of Canaan, and name one of the oldest city-states on the Phoenician coast.
* Ptolemy gains control over Cyprus and the Phoenician coastal towns of Tyre and Sidon.
* With the Persian empire weakening, revolts occur in many parts of the empire, including Sidon, a prosperous and rich Phoenician city.
During Hiram's reign, Tyre grew from a satellite of Sidon into the most important of Phoenician cities, and the holder of a large trading empire.
Historical examples include the oldest known Sumerian cities of Mesopotamia and Ur, the Phoenician cities of Canaan ( such as Tyre and Sidon ), the Berber city-states of the Garamantes, the city-states of ancient Greece ( the poleis such as Athens, Sparta, Thebes, and Corinth ), the Roman Republic which grew from a city-state into a great power, the Maya of pre-Columbian Mesoamerica ( including sites such as Chichen Itza, Tikal, Palenque and El Mirador ), the central Asian cities along the Silk Road, Venice, Croatian city-state of Ragusa ( Dubrovnik ) and many others.
After the battle of Issus ( 333 BC ), when Alexander was proceeding south down the Phoenician coast and had received the capitulation of Sidon, Hephaestion was "... authorised to appoint to the throne the Sidonian he considered most deserving of that high office.
In ancient times, it was the center of a Phoenician confederation which included Tyre, Sidon and Arados, hence the name Tripoli, meaning " triple city " in Greek.
In the 9th century BCE, the Phoenicians established a trading station in Tripoli and later, under Persian rule, the city became the center of a confederation of the Phoenician city states of Sidon, Tyre, and Arados Island.
* 358 BCE: Triple city coalesced into one entity ; became the center of Phoenician confederation and neutral meeting ground for the governors of the three main Phoenician cities / seaports: Aradus ( modern Ruad in Syria ), Sidon, and Tyre.
Although there were many Phoenician, Hellenistic, and Roman cities nearby ( such as Gesara and Gadara ; Sidon and Tyre ; Sepphoris and Tiberias ), the Gentile mission was, at most, peripheral to Jesus ' ministry.
They needed a naval base on the coast of Lebanon or Palestine but the Phoenician cities of Sidon and Tyre held much of the mainland coast and those cities were loyal to Persia.
The wife of Belus has been named as Achiroe, or Side ( eponym of the Phoenician city of Sidon ).
Eshmun ( or Eshmoun, less accurately Esmun or Esmoun ) was a Phoenician god of healing and the tutelary god of Sidon.
Eshmunazar was the name of several Phoenician kings of Sidon.
The area offers a great number of attractions, including pristine white sandy beaches south of Tyre, and the opportunity to snorkel or dive among submerged Phoenician and Roman ruins near the ancient cities of Sidon and Tyre.

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