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The Physiologus is a didactic text written or compiled in Greek by an unknown author, in Alexandria ; its composition has been traditionally dated to the 2nd century AD by readers who saw parallels with writings of Clement of Alexandria, who is asserted to have known the text, though Alan Scott has made a case for a date at the end of the third or in the 4th century.
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Physiologus and is
Medieval poetical literature is full of allusions that can be traced to the Physiologus tradition ; the text also exerted great influence on the symbolism of medieval ecclesiastical art: symbols like those of the phoenix rising from its ashes and the pelican feeding her young with her own blood are still well-known.
Physiologus is not an original title ; it was given to the book because the author introduces his stories from natural history with the phrase: " the physiologus says ", that is, the naturalist says, the natural philosophers, the authorities for natural history say.
Explicit, negative judgements occur in the Physiologus, where the animal is depicted as a hermaphrodite and grave robber.
The Bern Physiologus ( Bern, Burgerbibliothek, Codex Bongarsianus 318 ) is a 9th century illuminated copy of the Latin translation of the Physiologus.
It is one of the oldest extant illustrated copies of the Physiologus.
The Bern Physiologus is a relatively rare example of a secular manuscript heavily illustrated with fully painted miniatures, lying in between these two classes, and perhaps produced for the private library of an important individual, as was the Vatican Terence.
Physiologus and text
Other books associated with the Rheims school include the Utrecht Psalter, which was perhaps the most important of all Carolingian manuscripts, and the Bern Physiologus, the earliest Latin edition of the Christian allegorical text on animals.
Physiologus and compiled
The predecessor of the medieval bestiary, compiled in Late Antiquity and known as Physiologus ( Φυσιολόγος ), popularized an elaborate allegory in which a unicorn, trapped by a maiden ( representing the Virgin Mary ), stood for the Incarnation.
Physiologus and Greek
The earliest bestiary in the form in which it was later popularized was an anonymous 2nd century Greek volume called the Physiologus, which itself summarized ancient knowledge and wisdom about animals in the writings of classical authors such as Aristotle's Historia Animalium and various works by Herodotus, Pliny the Elder, Solinus, Aelian and other naturalists.
Physiologus and author
It was at one time plausible to believe that Cynewulf was author of the Riddles of the Exeter Book, the Phoenix, the Andreas, and the Guthlac ; even famous unassigned poems such as the Dream of the Rood, the Harrowing of Hell, and the Physiologus have at one time been ascribed to him.
Physiologus and ;
* Folio 7 recto: Lion ( Leo ) ( Physiologus, Chapter 1 ; Isidore of Seville, Etymologiae, Book XII, ii, 3-6 )
* Folio 9 recto: Panther ( Panther ) ( Physiologus, Chapter 16 ; Isidore of Seville, Etymologiae, Book XII, ii, 8-9 )
* Folio 10 recto: Elephant ( Elephans ) ( Isidore of Seville, Etymologiae, Book XII, ii, 14 ; Physiologus, Chapter 43 ; Ambrose, Hexaemeron, Book VI, 35 ; Solinus, Collectanea rerum memorabilium, xxv, 1-7 )
* Folio 11 verso: Hyena ( Yena ) ( Physiologus, Chapter 24 ; Solinus, Collectanea rerum memorabilium, xxvii, 23-24 )
* Folio 23 verso: Weasel ( Mustela ) ( Isidore of Seville, Etymologiae, Book XII, iii, 2 ; Physiologus, Chapter 21 )
* Folio 24 verso: Ant ( Formica ) ( Physiologus, 12 ; Ambrose, Hexaemeron, Book VI, 16, 20 )
Physiologus and century
Catching of pearls, Bern Physiologus ( IX century )
Panther, Bern Physiologus, IX century
Physiologus and with
Following the Physiologus, Saint Isidore of Seville ( Book XII of the Etymologiae ) and Saint Ambrose expanded the religious message with reference to passages from the Bible and the Septuagint.
The Physiologus consists of descriptions of animals, birds, and fantastic creatures, sometimes stones and plants, provided with moral content.
Physiologus and .
The book was translated into Latin in about 700, and into Ethiopic and Syriac, then into many European and Middle-Eastern languages, and many illuminated manuscript copies such as the Bern Physiologus survive.
Folio 12v of the Bern Physiologus.
is and didactic
The latter is in substance a more didactic repetition of the former.
In its general scope and design, Chronicles is not so much historical as didactic.
The book is a didactic poem set in a prose frame.
The status of Elihu's interrupting didactic sermon is brought further into question by his extremely sudden appearance and disappearance from the text.
There is a very different interpretation of the encounter with Circe in John Gower's long didactic poem Confessio Amantis ( 1380 ).
When the statement of faith is longer and polemical, as well as didactic, it is not called a creed but a confession of faith.
Of higher literary value is the didactic and satirical Buch von der Tugend und Weisheit ( 1550 ), a collection of forty-nine fables in which Alberus embodies his views on the relations of Church and State.
The best is a didactic poem, La Coltivazione ( Paris, 1546 ; see 1546 in poetry ), written in imitation of Virgil's Georgics.
The reader is meant to question approved truths in order to form a didactic set of knowledge.
The answer is simple: it fulfills both an ideological and didactic function.
With the Georgics Virgil is again credited with laying the foundations for later didactic poetry.
# 213r: " Der Winsbeke " ( purported author of the accompanying father-son didactic poem ; it is unclear whether Winsbeke is a historical or a fictional character )
# 217r: " Die Winsbekin " ( purported author of the accompanying mother-daughter didactic poem ; it is unclear whether Winsbekin is a historical or a fictional character )
" In the Nights, this didactic framework is the least common way of introducing the story, but instead a story is most commonly introduced through subtle means, particularly as an answer to questions raised in a previous tale.
Also belonging to the more archaic stratum of motets is Libera me Domine ( a5 ), a cantus firmus setting of the ninth responsory at Matins for the Office for the Dead, which takes its point of departure from the setting by Robert Parsons, while Miserere mihi ( a6 ), a setting of a Compline antiphon often used by Tudor composers for didactic cantus firmus exercises, incorporates a four-in-two canon.
Epistolary, confessional, and didactic in form, the book is a fictional autobiography of the title character ( whose birth name is Robinson Kreutznaer )— a castaway who spends 28 years on a remote tropical island near Trinidad, encountering cannibals, captives, and mutineers before being rescued.
The sculpture is intended as a didactic example of how transient earthly glory is, since it depicts what we all finally become.
is and text
This text from Dr. Huxley is sometimes used by enthusiasts to indicate that they have the permission of the scientists to press the case for a wonderful unfoldment of psychic powers in human beings.
The intuition about mankind conveyed in these opening pages is of crucial importance for understanding the remainder of the text ; ;
The copy itself, including any text or illustrations, is reproduced in full color directly on a thin Mylar polyester film by a photo screen process.
We accomplish this by compiling a list of text forms as text is read by the computer.
The dictionary is a form dictionary, at least in the sense that complete forms are used as the basis for matching text occurrences with dictionary entries.
The first is compiling a list of text forms, assigning an information cell to each, and replacing text occurrences with the information cell assigned to the form of each occurrence.
When an occurrence Af is isolated during text reading, a random memory address Af, the address of a cell in the X-region, is computed from the form of Af.
the information cell Af is saved to represent the text occurrence.
Let us assume that Af is identical to the form of an occurrence Af which preceded Af in the text.
Each time a dictionary form matches a text form, the information cell of the matching text form is saved.
These two pieces of information for each dictionary form that is matched by a text form constitute the table of dictionary usage.
If each text form is marked when matched with a dictionary form, the text forms not contained in the dictionary can be identified when all dictionary forms have been read.
Each dictionary form is looked up in the text-form list by the same method used to look up a new text occurrence in the form list during text reading.
The dictionary form is compared with each of these text forms.
If cell Af is not an information cell we conclude that the i-th dictionary form is not in the text list.
The first stage of translation after glossary lookup is structural analysis of the input text.
Today, as Harrison's Principles Of Internal Medicine, a standard internist's text, puts it, `` The most common form of malnutrition is caloric excess or obesity ''.
ASCII includes definitions for 128 characters: 33 are non-printing control characters ( many now obsolete ) that affect how text and space is processed and 95 printable characters, including the space ( which is considered an invisible graphic ).
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